Safety- Part 1 Flashcards
4 Things needed for x-ray production?
Source of Free Electrons (Thermionic Emission)
Acceleration of Electrons (kVp toward the anode)
Focusing of Electrons (2 Filaments- Focusing Cup)
Deceleration of Electrons
Thermionic emission =
mA- determines the amount of current sent to the filament
For thermionic emission to happen- it requires how much current?
4 to 6 amps of current
What is produced as a result of high speed electrons bombarding the target area or anode?
X-radiation
For the acceleration of electrons, (kVp toward the anode) What is applied to the cathode end of the x-ray tube?
High electric potential
What surrounds the filament and maintains a concentrated stream of electrons from the filament to the target area on the anode?
Focusing Cup
What is the focusing cup made up of and what type of charge does it have?
Charge is negative
Molybdenum or Nickel
What is the target (Anode) made of?
Tungsten
How much is converted to heat and x-rays?
99% Heat
1% X-rays
What decelerates the electrons?
The tungsten target of the anode
The deceleration of electrons produces 2 things?
Infrared Light
Ionizing Radiation
Who first described the atom?
Neils Bohr (as a tiny solar system)
What is the smallest subdivision of an element that maintains all physical and chemical properties of the element?
Atom
Protons have what type of charge?
Positive +
Neutrons have what type of charge?
Neutral
What is contained in the nucleus?
Protons and Neutrons
Protons and neutrons have a an atomic mass equal to?
1
What is Z?
Atomic number
What is A?
Atomic mass
What equals the number of protons in the nucleus?
Atomic number (Z)
What equals the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus?
Atomic Mass (A)
What makes an atom stable?
Uncharged atom (protons equal the number of electrons)
What kind of charge do electrons have?
Negative
What type of mass do electrons have?
No mass
What are negatively charged particles located in discreetly organized orbital shells outside the nucleus?
Electrons
What is EBE?
Electron Binding Energy
What shell has stronger EBE?
K Shell has more EBE than L Shell
What type of atom has a stronger EBE?
Atom with a higher atomic number
What is a valence number?
Number of electrons in the last orbital shell
What is 2n^2?
How you determine how many electrons are in a shell number
What is important in determining an atom’s combining ability with another atom?
Valence Number
What is the removal of an electron from an orbital shell?
Ionization
When an atom is uncharged and goes through ionization, What type of charge does the atom have now?
Now has an electrical charge
How does ionization occur?
When an energy source contains sufficient energy to remove an electron from one of the orbital shells
What happens when an energy source does NOT contain sufficient kinetic energy to ionize the atom, bu contains energy only to vibrate the atom?
Excitation
What is an atom of an element with the same atomic number as the element but with a different atomic mass?
Isotope (differing number of protons and neutrons)
What has the same # of protons but different # of neutrons?
Isotope
Is an isotope stable or unstable?
Unstable (because it has a different number of protons and neutrons)
What is 90% of all x-ray production?
Bremsstrahlung Radiation
What does breaking radiation mean?
Bremsstrahlung Radiation
What type of interactions happen in the tube?
Brem and Characteristic
What happens when a projectile electron:
Slows down
Changes Direction
Loses some of its energy
Brem
What type of radiation is non-ionizing?
It does not remove an electron from an outer shell?
Brem
What is the photon ejected called in a Brem interaction?
Bremsstrahlung x-ray photon
What type of photon energy is EQUAL to the amount of energy lost by the projectile electron?
Brem Photon Energy
When the incoming electron (brem) that slows down and changes direction has a greater direction change, (the greater the energy loss), What happens to the bream x-ray photon?
It has more energy
What happens with characteristic radiation (k-characteristic)?
Cascade
What is the EBE of the K shell?
69.53
What is the EBE of the L shell?
12
What is the EBE of the M shell?
3
What is the EBE of the N shell?
1
In characteristic radiation, when an electron drops down from the L shell to the K shell to fill it, how much energy will the characteristic x-ray have?
57.53 (K shell has 69.53 EBE and L Shell has 12- so subtract)
In a characteristic interaction, What shell is useful to us?
K shell (anything from L to P is non diagnostic)
When an electron comes in, in a characteristic interaction, what type of energy does it have to have to knock out the electron from the k shell?
At least 69.53 to knock the electron out
What type of curve is Brem?
Bell Curve
In characteristic, when the k shell is filled by the L shell, it emits?
Characteristic Xray photon
What happens to non-diagnostic xrays (L shell through P shell- Characteristic)?
They are absorbed by the inherent or added filtration
OR
They contribute to skin entrance dose to the patient
The characteristic xray energy (of the photon that is ejected when the L shell fills the K shell) has what type of energy?
Equal to the difference in binding energies of the 2 shells
Characteristic radiation produces photons with discreet energy levels that are completely dependent on?
The type of target material that is used (The only factor that will influence the energy levels of characteristic radiation production)
A characteristic Emission Graph is shaped like a?
Bar Graph
On a bar graph, what is the x-axis?
Horizontal Axis
On a bar graph, what is the y-axis?
Vertical Axis
On a characteristic Emission Graph, What does the x-axis represent?
The X-ray Energy
On a characteristic Emission Graph, What does the y-axis represent?
The Quantity of Radiation
On a bar graph, What is the origin?
Where the x-axis and y-axis meet on a bar graph
How is a brem emission graph shaped?
Like a Bell Curve
The peak of the bell curve in a brem emission graph indicates?
The energy level at which the most x-rays are produced
On a brem emission graph, when mAs is increased, How is the graph changed?
The Amplitude Rises
On a brem emission graph, when kVp is increased, How is the graph changed?
The amplitude rises and there is also a shift to the right
On a brem emission graph, when distance is increased, How is the graph changed?
The amplitude decreases
On a brem emission graph, when filtration is increased, How is the graph changed?
The amplitude decreases and there is a shift to the right
What is the purpose of filtration?
Reduces skin exposure
How are wavelength and frequency related?
Inversely Related
When wavelength goes UP, What happens to frequency?
Frequency Decreases
When there are velocity changes, if there is NO traveling at the speed of light, What does NOT exist?
X-rays
What is one form of electromagnetic energy on the electromagnetic spectrum?
X-radiation
What is the smallest bit of electromagnetic energy?
Photon or Quantum (Several photons)
What type of radiation travels as particles (particulate radiation)?
Beta OR Alpha Radiation
What type of form does electromagnetic energy travel?
In a wave form
What is it called when some electromagnetic energy forms may take on the characteristics of particles?
Wave-Particle Duality
What is the rate and fall (oscillation) of the electromagnetic photon?
Frequency
What is frequency measured in?
Hertz (Hz)
What is the distance between two successive peaks or valleys of an electromagnetic photon?
Wavelength
What does lamda mean?
Wavelength
What is wavelength measure in?
m- Meters
What type of frequencies and wavelengths do x-radiation have?
High Frequencies
Short Wavelengths
When the frequency of electromagnetic radiation INCREASES, What happens to the wavelength?
Decreases
What is electromagnetic radiation?
X-ray Photon
X-ray photons (electromagnetic radiation) is ___________ proportional to frequency.
Directly
X-ray photons (electromagnetic radiation) is ___________ proportional to wavelength.
Inversely
