Safety Flashcards
What are two definitions of safety?
- The condition of protecting people from threats or failures that could harm their physical, emotional, occupational,
psychological, or financial well-being. - The control of known threats to attain an acceptable level of risk.
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
CGA
Compressed Gas Association
CSA
Canadian Standards Association
IEC
International Electrotechnical Commission
FAA
Federal Aviation Administration
ITSNA
Intertek Testing Services North American (formerly Edison Testing Labs)
MSHA
Mine Safety and Health Administration
NFPA
National Fire Protection Association
NIOSH
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
UL
Underwriters Laboratories
USCG
United States Coast Guard
DOT
Department of Transportation
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
Risk equation
Risk = Hazard x Probability
OR
Risk = Hazard x Exposure
Define hazard.
A capacity to do harm.
JSA
Job Safety Analysis
or Activity Hazard Analysis (AHA)
or Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)
What are the basic parts of making a JSA?
Review steps of a job, identify potential hazards, document recommendations for the safest way to complete the job.
What are some example questions in a JSA?
Can the employee come in contact with an injurious object?
Can the employee be caught in, on, or between objects?
Can the employee strain themselves by lifting, pulling, or pushing?
Is the employee exposed to toxic gases, heat, dust, or electrical currents?
What does the fire/hazard diamond look like?
(Starting left going clockwise) - Blue (Health rating), Red (flammability rating), Yellow (Instability rating), white (Special hazards)
Hazard Assessment
What is the rating system for Health Rating (blue)?
4 = Can be lethal
3 = Serious or permanent injury
2 = Temporary incapacitation or residual injury
1 = Significant irritation
0 = No hazard beyond ordinary combustibles
Hazard Assessment
What is the rating system for Flammability Rating (red)?
4 = Rapidly or completely vaporized and burn readily
3 = Ignite readily in ambient conditions
2 = Ignite when moderately heated
1 = Require preheating for ignition
0 = Will not burn under normal fire conditions
Hazard Assessment
What is the rating system for Instability Rating (yellow)?
4 = May detonate or have explosive reaction
3 = Shock and heat may detonate or cause
explosive reaction
2 = Violent chemical change at elevated
temperatures
1 = Unstable if heated
0 = Normally stable
Hazard Assessment
What are some examples of special hazards?
OX = Oxidizers
W = Water Reactives (w is crossed out)
SA = Simple Asphyxiants
GHS
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals
What are the elements of a GHS label?
Precautionary statements and pictograms: Measures to minimize or prevent adverse effects
Product identifier (ingredient disclosure): Name or number used for a hazardous product on a label or in the SDS
Supplier identification: The name, address, and telephone number of the supplier
Supplemental information: nonharmonized information
What are the 9 GHS pictograms / hazard classes? (Review pictures on page 16 (22 on pdf)
- Oxidizer
- Flammable
- Reactive / explosives
- Acute toxicity
- Corrosive
- Gases under pressure
- Carcinogen / other toxic (reproductive, respiratory)
- Environmental toxicity
- Irritant
Review pictures on page 17 (23 on pdf) for transport pictograms.
See handbook.
What are the sixteen sections of an SDS?
- Identification
- Hazard Identification
- Composition / information on ingredients
- First-aid measures
- Fire-fighting measures
- Accidental release measures
- Handling and storage
- Exposure controls / PPE
- Physical and chemical properties
- Stability and reactivity
- Toxicological information
- Ecological information
- Disposal considerations
- Transport information
- Regulatory information
- Other information
What is the definition of flammable (NFPA/USDOT)?
A liquid with a flash point below 100 Fahrenheit
What are LFL and UFL and what do they describe?
LFL: Lower flammability limit
UFL: Upper flammability limit
They are the concentrations (% volume in air) that a mixture of the chemical and air will ignite and burn
What is LOC?
Limiting oxygen concentration, it’s the amount of O2 (% volume in air) that combustion is not possible if below the LOC
What is AIT
Autoignition temperature: The highest temperature where an external ignition source is required to initiate combustion
Equation for predicting LFL for mixtures of gases.
LFLmix=100/(SUM(Ci/LFLi)
- Note: Ci is the volume percent
What are some hazards in grain storage?
- Grains fall to the center when being removed (suffocation)
- Bridging (gaps that could fall / creates mold)
- Toxic mold that could also be flammable
What is a confined space? What are common examples?
A confined space is an area with restricted ability to enter/exit and is not meant for continuous occupancy.
Examples: underground vaults, tanks, storage bins, manholes, pits, silos, process vessels, pipelines
Who regulates permit-required confined spaces?
OSHA
What is a permit-required confined space?
One or more of the following:
- Has the potential to contain a
hazardous atmosphere
- Contains a material that has the potential to engulf an entrant
- Has walls that converge inward or floors
that slope downward and taper into a smaller area that could trap or asphyxiate an entrant
- Contains any other recognized
safety or health hazard such as unguarded machinery, exposed live wires or heat stress
What gases are common to confined spaces?
NH3, H2S, CH4, CO2
What are the effects of different currents on the human body?
1 mA: Perceivable (tingling)
5 mA: Slight shock, not painful
6 mA - 16 mA: “Freezing current” Painful shock, some loss of muscular control
17 mA - 99 mA: Extreme pain, respiratory arrest, severe muscular contractions. Individual cannot let go, possible death
100 mA - 2,000 mA: Ventricular fibrillation (uneven, uncoordinated pumping of the heart). Muscular contraction and nerve damage begins to occur. Death likely
>2000 mA: Cardiac arrest (stop in effective blood circulation), internal organ damage, and severe burns. Death is highly probable
Explain the axes of a dose response curve.
Y-axis: Toxic Response (%); the percentage of the population that show a symptom (die)
X-axis: Dose (mg/(kg*day); as a logarithm); the amount ingested per day divided by body weight
LC50
Median lethal concentration: Concentration in air expected to kill 50% of test animals in 1-4 hours
LD50
Median lethal single dose: dose expected to kill 50% of test animals
What page of the handbook contains Lethal Doses, Chemical Interaction Effects, and Permissible Exposure Levels?
22, 23
Define carcinogenic risk (and equation)
Risk of getting cancer
Risk = CDI x CSF
CDI: Chronic daily intake
CSF: Cancer slope factor
Where does a cancer slope factor come from?
The slope of the dose response curve of that carcinogen.
TLV
Threshold Limit Value: highest dose the body can detoxify without harmful effects
What do you use to quantify risk for noncarcinogens?
Hazard Index (HI)
Hazard Index Equation
HI=CDI/RfD
CDI: Chronic daily intake
RfD: Reference Dose
How do you calculate Reference dose?
RfD=NOAEL/UF
NOAEL: No Observable Adverse Effect Level (x-intercept of dose response curve)
UF: Uncertainty factor (reliability of study)
How do you calculate Safe Human Dose (SHD)?
SHD=RfDxW
RfD: reference dose
W=body weight
What is the difference between NOAEL and Threshold?
NOAEL: Highest concentration where no symptoms are shown
Threshold: First concentration that symptoms are observed
*They are both the same x-intercept on the dose response curve
What pages of the handbook contain the Chemical Compatibility Chart, and Corrosion Data for Construction Materials?
25, 26
What page of the handbook has all of the equations for CDI? What about data for intake rates?
27
28
What equations are on page 29 of the handbook, “Concentrations of Vaporized Liquids”
Vaporization rate for an open surface
Mass flow of liquid through a hole in a wall
Concentration of vaporized liquid in a ventilated space
Concentration change in a vessel
What pages cover ergonomics? List some key terms / things to calculate from this part of the handbook
30, 31
RWL
Forces on human body
What is the equation for Incidence Rate (IR)
IR=Nx200,000/T
N=# of injuries / fatalities
T=total hours worked by employees
What pages contain equations for Noise Pollution?
32, 33
