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OS II MIDTERM > Sacrum > Flashcards

Sacrum Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae form the sacrum?

A

five

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2
Q

What portions of the sacrum develop within a cartilaginous model?

A

costal elements, vertebral arch, centrum; fuse between 2-5 yrs of age

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3
Q

When do epiphyseal plates of the sacrum fuse?

A

after puberty

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4
Q

What are the bony articulations of the sacrum>

A

fifth lumbar vertebra, coccyx, inominates

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5
Q

What is the position of the sacrum in the inominate?

A

superior to inferior and anterior to posterior

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6
Q

What are some characteristics of the sacral surface of the SI joint?

A

smooth, hyaline cartilage, decreases in width inferiorly and wedged between two ila

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7
Q

What are some characteristics of iliac surface of SI joint?

A

Anteriorly smooth, posteriorly fibrous, fibrocartilage

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8
Q

Sacrotuberous ligament

A

lower sacral tubercles to ischial tuberosity

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9
Q

Sacrospinous ligament

A

ischial spine to lateral margins of sacrum

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10
Q

What are the functions of the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments?

A

stabilitize to limit posterior-superior rotation of sacral apex around transverse axis

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11
Q

What sacral landmarks are used to identify sacral SD?

A

Inferior lateral angle, sacral sulci, L5

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12
Q

Form closure

A

specific properties of articular surfaces of SIJ, “how joint fits together”

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13
Q

Force closure

A

compression produced by weight, muscle action, and ligament force, “due to gravity and loading forces”

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14
Q

Lumbarization

A

transitional segment in which first sacral segment becomes like an aditional lumbar vertebra

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15
Q

Sacralization

A

Incomplete separation and differentiation of fifth lumbar

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16
Q

What are the tests used for sacral static testing

A

seated forward bending test, backward bending test, respiratory motion test, lumbosacral spring test, oblique axis passive motion

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17
Q

Which side will be positive in SeFBT for a unilateral SD?

A

positive on side of dysfunction

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18
Q

Which side will be positive in SeFBT for a torsion SD?

A

positive opposite of axis

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19
Q

What is a positive backward bending test and what does it indicate?

A

sacral sulcus appears asymmetrical throughout, sacrum is unable to flex, extended

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20
Q

What does a neg BBT indicate?

A

sacrum is flexed, unable to extend

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21
Q

What is the respiratory motion of the sacrum?

A

sacral base moves posterior during inhalation and anterior during exhalation

22
Q

What is a positive lumbar spring test and what does it indicate?

A

lumbars do not move well into extension, sacrum is extended, unable to flex

23
Q

What does a negative lumbar spring test indicate?

A

sacrum is flexed, unable to extend

24
Q

What is the superior transverse axis?

A

Goes through S2 posteriorly, respiratory and craniosacral motion

25
Q

What is the middle transverse axis?

A

Goes through S2 anteriorly, postural motion, dysfunctions along this axis will have bilateral findings

26
Q

What is the inferior transverse axis?

A

goes through S3, innominate rotation

27
Q

What does a dysfunction along an axis look like?

A

deep sacral sulcus opposite side of posterior ILA

28
Q

What does a dysfunction along a vertical axis look like?

A

deep sacral sulcus same side as posterior ILA

29
Q

Where is the restriction of motion in a torsion?

A

restriction along oblique axes

30
Q

What would be the PE findings for a L/L sacral torsion?

A

deep sacral sulcus on R, posterior ILA on R, BBT negative, Lumbar spring negative, SeFBT on right

31
Q

What would the PE findings for a R/R sacral torsion?

A

deep sacral sulcus on L, posterior ILA on R, BBT negative, LS negative, SeFBT on L

32
Q

What would be the PE findings for a L/R sacral torsion?

A

deep sacral sulcus on R, posterior ILA on L, BBT positive, LS positive, SeFBT on L

33
Q

What would be the PE findings for a R/L sacral torsion?

A

deep sacral sulcus on L, posterior ILA on R, BBT positive, LS positive, SeFBT on R

34
Q

What are the PE findings for right sacrum flexed?

A

Deep sacral sulcus on R, posterior ILA on R, BBT neg, LS neg, SeFBT pos on R

35
Q

What are the PE findings for left sacrum flexed?

A

deep sacral sulcus on L, posterior ILA on L, BBT neg, LS neg, SeFBT pos on R

36
Q

What are the PE findings for L sacrum extended?

A

deep sacral sulcus on R, posterior ILA on R, BBT pos, LS pos, SeFBT pos on L

37
Q

What are the PE findings for R sacrum extended?

A

deep sacral sulcus on L, posterior ILA on L, BBT pos, LS pos, SeFBT pos on R

38
Q

What are the PE findings for bilateral sacrum flexed?

A

bilateral deep sacral sulcus, bilateral posterior ILA, neg SeFBT

39
Q

What are the PE findings for bilateral sacrum extended?

A

bilateral shallow sacral sulcus, b/l posterior ILA, neg SeFBT

40
Q

What does a compensated L5 look like?

A

Should be rotated opposite direction of sacrum, sidebends toward oblique axis of torsion

41
Q

In a L/L ST or R/R sacral torsion, what does a compensated L5 look like?

A

neutral

42
Q

In a R/L or L/R ST, what does a compensated L5 look like?

A

extended/flexed

43
Q

What is the setup for bilateral sacral flexion ME?

A

ABduct leg and internally rotate LE, use heel of hand to apply superior/anterior force to engage RB, resist motion with exhalation

44
Q

What is the setup for bilateral sacral extension ME?

A

ABduct leg and externally rotate legs, pt in “TV watching position” apply an anterior/inferior force at sacral base, resisting during inhalation

45
Q

What is the setup for unilateral sacral flexion ME?

A

ABduct and internally rotate leg. apply anterior superior force, resist exhalation motion

46
Q

What is the setup for unilateral sacral extension ME?

A

ABduct and externally rotate leg, have pt in “TV watching” position, apply anterior inferior force at sacral base, resist inhalation motion

47
Q

What is the setup for forward torsion tx?

A

pt is lateral recumbent, hugging table, axis side down, hips and knees flexed to 90 degrees, physician monitoring L5/S1, flex hips until L5 is neutral relative to S1, push pts feet off table and have them resist motion

48
Q

What is the setup for a backward torsion?

A

Pt lateral recumbent, axis side down, top hip and knee flexed to 90 degrees, induce posterior rotation (pts back on table), drop top leg off table and have pt resist motion

49
Q

What is the setup for sacral BLT - b/l sacral extension?

A

Pt supine, caudal palm lifts ILAs anterior to pt of ligamentous balance

50
Q

What is the setup for sacral BLT - b/l sacral flexion?

A

pt supine, caudal hand lift sacral base anterior to point of ligamentous balance, use cephalad hand to extend L5, encourage sacral flexion

51
Q

What is the setup for sacral BLT - forward torsion?

A

pt supine, caudal hand apply anterior pressure to sacral base to point of ligamentous balance, push sacral base to flexion or L5 to ext

52
Q

What is the setup for sacral BLT - backward torsion?

A

pt supine, caudal hand apply anterior pressure to ILA to point of ligamentous balance, flex L5

OS II MIDTERM (7 decks)

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