Sacrum

Question 1

What part of the sacral ala is derived from the costal element?

Answer 1

the anterior two-thirds

Question 2

The costal element and true transverse process of sacrum unite to form what feature?

Answer 2

the sacral ala

Question 3

How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the S1 vertebral body?

Answer 3

four

Question 4

How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the first sacral segment?

Answer 4

five

Question 5

What muscle(s) may attach to the first sacral vertebral body?

Answer 5

psoas major

Question 6

What is the reported angulation of the first sacral articular facets?

Answer 6

they lie vertically in the coronal plane

Question 7

What is the position of the sacral zygapophysis in adults?

Answer 7

the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L5/S1

Question 8

What is the orientation of the first sacral superior articular facet?

Answer 8

backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave

Question 9

What is the name given to the projection on the first sacral superior articular process?

Answer 9

mammillary process

Question 10

From the anterior view, the intervertebral discs of sacrum will be replaced by what features?

Answer 10

transverse ridges

Question 11

An imaginary line drawn along the dorsal midline of sacrum is identified as the ____?

Answer 11

median sacral crest

Question 12

What forms the median sacral crest?

Answer 12

fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles

Question 13

What is the name given to the congenital condition in which the fifth lumbar spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain?

Answer 13

Knife Clasp Syndrome

Question 14

An imaginary line drawn from the superior articular process of S1 to the sacral cornu will form what feature?

Answer 14

intermediate sacral crest

Question 15

What forms the intermediate sacral crest?

Answer 15

fused articular processes and their facets

Question 16

What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?

Answer 16

the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5

Question 17

What is the remnant of the inferior articular process and facet of S5?

Answer 17

the sacral cornu

Question 18

What is the name of the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal?

Answer 18

the sacral hiatus

Question 19

What forms the lateral sacral crest?

Answer 19

the fused transverse processes and transverse tubercles from S1 to S5

Question 20

What is the sacral tuberosity?

Answer 20

the enlarged transverse tubercle of S2

Question 21

What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?

Answer 21

the accessory sacro-iliac joint

Question 22

What muscle is said to attach to the dorsal surface of the sacrum?

Answer 22

iliacus

Question 23

What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?

Answer 23

auricular surface

Question 24

What classification of joint is formed by the auricular surface of sacrum?

Answer 24

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

Question 25

What feature does the anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1 form?

Answer 25

the sacral promontory

Question 26

What ligament is attached to the sacral hiatus?

Answer 26

the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 27

How many synovial joints are typically present at sacrum?

Answer 27

four

Question 28

What joint classifications are typically present at sacrum?

Answer 28

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis,cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

Question 29

What forms the posterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

Answer 29

sacral cornu, coccygeal cornu, superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intercornual ligament

Question 30

What forms the anterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

Answer 30

vertebral body S5, vertebral body Co1, deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intervertebral disc

Question 31

What is the homolog for the posterior longitudinal ligament at S5?

Answer 31

deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 32

What is the homolog for the anterior longitudinal ligament at S5?

Answer 32

anterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 33

What is the homolog for the ligamentum flavum at S5?

Answer 33

superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 34

What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal?

Answer 34

the union of the superficial and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments

Question 35

What ligament is formed by the union of the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments at Co1?

Answer 35

the posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 36

What ligament is the homolog of the intertransverse ligament at S5?

Answer 36

lateral sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 37

What ligament divides the sciatic foramen into the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?

Answer 37

sacrospinous ligament

Question 38

Which ligament has a broad attachment along the lateral margin of sacrum and coccyx and then attaches to the ischial tuberosity?

Answer 38

sacrotuberous ligament

Question 39

Which ligament represents a thickening of the fibrous capsule of the sacro-iliac joint?

Answer 39

anterior sacro-iliac ligament

Question 40

Which ligament is the strongest of the sacro-iliac ligaments and is penetrated by dorsal rami of sacral spinal nerves?

Answer 40

interosseous sacro-iliac ligament

Question 41

Which ligament will attach the intermediate sacral crest of S1, lateral sacral crest of S2 to the posterior superior iliac spine?

Answer 41

short posterior sacro-iliac ligament

Question 42

Which ligament attached the lateral sacral crest of S3 and S4 to the posterior superior iliac spine?

Answer 42

long posterior sacro-iliac ligament

Question 43

What is the homolog for the capsular ligament at S5?

Answer 43

intercornual ligament