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Psych > Sac 4 - Mental Health > Flashcards

Sac 4 - Mental Health Flashcards

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1
Q

Mental Health

A

The psychological state of someone who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioural adjustment.

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2
Q

Mental health problems

A

Indicates a disruption to an individuals usual level of social and emotional wellbeing, including when our abilities are negatively impacted.

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3
Q

Resilience

A

An individuals ability to properly adapt to stress and cope with adversity.

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4
Q

Mental disorder

A

A psychological state characterised by emotional difficulties that lead to emotional emotional or behavioural impairment or disability serious enough to require psychiatric intervention.

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5
Q

Mental illness

A

Can be diagnosed by a mental health professional by determining if the combination of symptoms and severity of the symptoms overtime meet a certain criteria.

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6
Q

Placebo

A

A fake treatment that has no active effect, such as a fake pill or injection.

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7
Q

Placebo effect

A

Changes in behaviour caused by the participants belief that they have been exposed to a treatment that will affect them in some way.

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8
Q

Risk factors

A

Factors that impede or have a negative effect on the health of an individual.

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9
Q

Predisposing risk factors

A

Increase a persons vulnerability to develop a mental health problem. These factors can occur at conception or early in life and shape their personality.

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10
Q

Precipitating risk factors

A

Trigger the onset or exacerbation of a mental health problem. Precipitating factors are commonly known as triggers. These are events that occur shortly before the onset of a disorder and appear to have induced it.

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11
Q

Perputuating risk factors

A

Prolong the course of the disorder and inhibit recovery. Perpetuating factors are those that maintains the psychological problem and prevent resolution.

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12
Q

Protective factors

A

Have a positive affect on the health of an individual. These factors are positive forces in a persons life to help minimise the occurrence or reoccurrence of mental health problems. Protective factors include personal characteristics and social and family circumstances.

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13
Q

Predisposing risk factors example (biological, psychological, social)

A 
Biological:
- family history and genetic vulnerability
- physical illness
- environmental exposures before birth
Psychological:
- self-efficacy
- learnt behaviours
Social:
- neglect, abuse or trauma
- disorganised attachment
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14
Q

Precipitating risk factors example (biological, psychological, social)

A 
Biological:
- poor sleep
- substance use/ misuse
- physical illness
Psychological:
- confronting news
- life event stress
Social:
- losing a job
- loss of significant relationship
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15
Q

Perpetuating risk factors example (biological, psychological, social)

A 
Biological:
- poor response to medication due to genetic factors
- substance use/ misuse
Psychological:
- rumination
- impaired reasoning and memory
- avoidance behaviours
Social:
- role of stigma as a barrier to accessing treatment
- lack of support
- unemployment
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16
Q

Protective factors example (biological, psychological, social)

A 
Biological:
- adequate diet and sleep
- physical exercise
Psychological:
- resilient attitude
Social:
- positive social group
- satisfying job
- suitable accommodation
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17
Q

Genetic vulnerability

A

Increases the likelihood of developing a particular disease based on a person’s genetic makeup

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18
Q

Rumination

A

The compulsively focused attention on the symptoms of one’s distress, and on its possible causes and consequences, as opposed to its solutions. There are three forms of rumination: stage, action and task-irrelevant

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19
Q

Stage rumination

A

Involves dwelling on the consequences and feelings associated with a failure

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20
Q

Action rumination

A

Consists of task-oriented thought processes focused on goal achievement and correction of mistakes

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21
Q

Task-irrelevant rumination

A

Uses events or people unassociated with the blocked goal to distract a person from the failure

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22
Q

Cumulative risk

A

The accumulation of and exposure to multiple risk factors that increase susceptibility to developing a mental disorder of perpetuates an existing mental disorder. Some of the cumulative risks that might be associated with the development of depression include:

  • serious physical health problems
  • past experiences
  • side effects from medication
  • family history of depression
  • social isolation or loneliness
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23
Q

Anxiety

A

A feeling of apprehension, dread or uneasiness in response to an unclear or ambiguous threat.

24
Q

Anxiety problems involve:

A
  • high levels of physical signs of anxiety
  • restrictive, self-defeating behaviour patterns
  • a tendency to use elaborate defence mechanisms of avoidance responses to get through the day
  • pervasive feelings of stress, insecurity, inferiority, unhappiness and dissatisfaction with life.
25
Q

Anxiety disorder

A

A mental disorder that involves feelings of extreme anxiety, accompanied by physical and psychological symptoms, which prevents a sufferer from normal functioning.

26
Q

Common anxiety disorders

A
  • generalised anxiety disorder
  • social phobia
  • specific phobia
  • obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
  • post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
  • panic disorder
27
Q

Phobia

A

A persistent, irrational and intense fear of a specific object, activity or situation

28
Q

Specific phobia

A

An intense, irrational fear and avoidance of a particular object, activity or situation

29
Q

Most common phobias

A
  • animal type
  • natural environment type
  • blood/infection/ injury type
  • situational type
30
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

An approach that proposes that health and illness outcomes are determined by the interaction and contribution of biological, psychological and social factors.

31
Q

Phobia (biological, psychological, sociocultural)

A

Biological: gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) disfunction; the role of stress response; long-term potentiation
Psychological: behavioural models; cognitive bias
Sociocultural: specific environmental triggers stigma around seeking treatment

32
Q

Long-term potentiation (biological)

A

A form of neural plasticity that leads to an increase in the efficacy of synaptic transmission

33
Q

Cognitive bias (psychological)

A

A type of error i thinking that occurs when people are interpreting information

34
Q

Memory bias (psychological)

A

A type of error in thinking that may either enhance or impair the recall of memory, or it may alter the content of what we report remembering

35
Q

Catastrophic thinking

A

Occurs when an individual repeatedly overestimates the potential dangers and assumes the worst of an object or an event

36
Q

Behavioural model (psychological)

A

Proposes the phobic anxiety that could be the result of learning

37
Q

Stigma around seeking treatment

A
  • reluctance to seek help or treatment
  • a lack of understanding by family, friends, co-workers or others you know
  • fewer opportunities for work, school or social activities or trouble finding housing
  • bullying, physical violence or harassment
38
Q

Evidence- based interventions

A

Treatments that have been proven effective based on the integration of clinical research and expertise aimed at changing target behaviour

39
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

A group of medications used in the short-term treatment of phobic anxiety; they enhance the GABA-induced inhibition of overexcited neurotransmitters, resulting in calming nervous activity

40
Q

Agonist

A

A substance that increases the release of a neurotransmitter or imitates its activity by causing the post synaptic neuron to fire

41
Q

Antagonist

A

A substance that inhibits the release of a neurotransmitter or blocks receptor sites, making the post synaptic neuron less likely to fire

42
Q

Breathing retraining

A

The process of identifying incorrect breathing habits and replacing them with correct ones.

43
Q

Controlled breathing can cause physiological causes that include:

A
  • lowered blood pressure and heart rate
  • reduced levels of stress hormones in the blood
  • balanced levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
  • improved immune system functioning
  • increased physical energy
  • improved sleep
44
Q

Mental health benefits of regular exercise

A
  • an increase in alertness and concentration
  • a boost in confidence and self-esteem
  • a release of feel-good brain chemicals such as endorphins
  • improved sleep
  • distraction from worries and rumination
45
Q

Common cognitive behavioural therapy techniques for treatment of a specific phobia:

A
  • relaxation training
  • flooding
  • imaginal flooding
46
Q

Systematicdesensitisation

A

A type of behaviour therapy whereby an individual with a phobia or fear is exposed to the fear-producing object, activity or situation very slowly, by degrees, under relaxed conditions until the fear response is extinguished

47
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

The concept that one emotional state is used to block another, as is the case in systematic desensitisation

48
Q

Psychoeducation

A

The education about a mental illness such as the nature of the illness, its treatment and management strategies

49
Q

Challenging, unrealistic or anxious thoughts: cognitive distortions fall into the following categories:

A
  • fortune-telling
  • overgeneralization
  • catastrophizing
50
Q

Resilience

A

An individuals ability to properly adapt to stress and cope with adversity

51
Q

Resilience protective factors (biological, psychological and social)

A

adequate diet and sleep (biological)
cognitive behavioural strategies (psychological)
support from family, friends and community (social)

52
Q

The transtheoretical model stage 1 (Precontemplation)

A

no intention of changing behaviour

53
Q

The transtheoretical model stage 2 (Contemplation)

A

aware a problem exists, no commitment to action

54
Q

The transtheoretical model stage 3 (Preparation)

A

intent on taking action

55
Q

The transtheoretical model stage 4 (Action)

A

active modification of behaviour

56
Q

The transtheoretical model stage 5 (Maintenance/relapse)

A

sustained change- new behaviour replaces old

may fall back into old patterns of behaviour

57
Q

How many Australian adults are diagnosed with mental illness each year?

A

1 in 5, 20%

Psych (4 decks)

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