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Psychology 2 > SAC 4 > Flashcards

SAC 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

mentally healthy definition

A

the psychological state of someone who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioural adjustment. is along a continuum of mental healthy - mental health problem - mental disorder

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2
Q

factors that can influence mental health

A

fluctuate over time but can include pressures of VCE, part-time work, friends or parental expectations. feeling low when our team loses or high when they win. feeling ‘blue’ or down does not constitute a mental health disorder, it is common for people to experience mental health problems at some point

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3
Q

mental health problems

A

a disruption to an individuals usual level of social and emotional well being, including when their abilities are negativly. these are generally not significant nor do they last for a lengthy amount of time. they are often triggered by stress and once the stressor is removed the symptoms stop. a person who is resilient will be better protected

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4
Q

mental disorder

A

is a psychological state characterised by emotional difficulties that lead to emotional or behavioural impairment or disability. interchangeable with ‘mental illness’ which can be diagnosed by a mental health professional

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5
Q

characteristics of a mentally healthy person

A
  1. high levels of functioning
    being able to interact with and involve oneself with society and to undertake everyday tasks such as person hygiene going to work or eating food. the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders has a scale of 1-100 which can be used to determine how normally functioning a person is
  2. social and emotional wellbeing
    wellbeing is a positive state related to the enjoyment of life, feeling connected to others. social wellbeing is a sense of belonging to a community e.g having a job or sport team and emotional wellbeing means to experience positive emotions
  3. resilience to life stressors
    ability of a person to adapt and cope with adversity and life challenges such as negative events, is influenced by a persons cognitions, behaviour and biology
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6
Q

ethical implications of mental health research

A

experimenter must fully inform participants before study begins but this can be hard if a person has a mental illness and cannot fully comprehend the implications, therefore a parent or guardian should assist. if a participant is in the control group they could be receiving a placebo meaning they will be missing out on important medication that could help them. confidentiality is also very important

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7
Q

4 Ps

A

predisposing: increase susceptibility
precipitating: trigger onset or exacerbation
perpetuating: prolong disorder + inhibit recovery
protective: prevent occurrence and re occurance

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8
Q

risk factors in mental health disorders

A

predisposing: family history and genetic vulnerability, physical illness, poor self efficacy, neglect abuse or trauma, disorganised attachment, environmental exposures before birth
precipitating: poor sleep, substance use or misuse, confronting news, life event stress, losing a job, deterioration or loss of significant relationship
perpetuating: poor response to medication, substance use or misuse, rumination, impaired reasoning and memory, avoidance behaviour, stigma, lack of support

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9
Q

protective factors in mental health disorders

A

resilient attitude, positive social group, satisfying job, suitable accommodation

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10
Q

biopsychosocial model of mental health

A

proposes that health and illness outcomes are a result of the interaction of contributing biological (internal) psychological (internal) and social (external) factors.

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11
Q
  1. influence of biological risk factors on mental health disorders: genetic vulnerability and specific disorders
A

genetic factors are biological factors that commonly enhance or reduce an individuals risk of or vulnerability to developing a particular condition. genetic vulnerability is an increased likelihood of developing a particular disease based on a persons genetic makeup e.g schizophrenia if both parents have it 40% of having it.

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12
Q
  1. influence of biological risk factors on mental health disorders: resistance to or poor response to medication
A

medication can be used to manage mental disorders provided the medication is based on the patients needs and medical situation. for them to be effective the person must comply with the treatment prescribed. people may not follow treatment plan because it reminds them of the disorder, there are side effects or associated health risk.

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13
Q
  1. influence of biological risk factors on mental health disorders: poor sleep
A

sleep is very important to maintain good mental health, there are over 70 sleep disorders (not all linked to mental health) but there is an overlap between sleep disorders and various psychiatric problems

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14
Q
  1. influence of biological risk factors on mental health disorders: substance use
A

addition and inability to resistance the reoccurring urge to behave in a certain way despite bad consequences is common with mentally ill people. substance use and mental illness do not cause each other but are closely linked as substances can be used as a crutch or can make symptoms worse

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15
Q
  1. influence of psychological risk factors on mental health disorders: rumination
A

compulsively focused attention on the symptoms of ones distress and on its possible causes and consequences as opposed to solutions, restricts problem solving and increases stress levels

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16
Q
  1. influence of psychological risk factors on mental health disorders: impaired reasoning and memory
A

for a person to function successfully it is critical that their cognitive skills such as reasoning and memory operate effectively. reasoning is thinking about information in a logical way and forming realistic conclusions

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17
Q
  1. influence of psychological risk factors on mental health: stress
A

state of mental of physical tension that occurs when an individual must adapt but does not feel they have the capacity to do so.

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18
Q
  1. influence of psychological risk factors on mental health: poor self efficacy
A

refers to an individuals belief in their ability to achieve goals. can be seen as ability to persist and work through stressful situations and reduce negative thoughts

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19
Q
  1. influence of social risk factors on mental health: disorganised attachment
A

refers to the close emotional bond between an infant and mother or primary care giver, if an infant finds a secure attachment they are able to organise their development in a coherent way if the opposite occurs then the infant may develop psychological problems

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20
Q
  1. influence of social risk factors on mental health: loss of significant relationship
A

positive relationships can promote self esteem and confidence and provide a sense of belonging and assist in development. however maintaining relationships are a big commitment and loss of one can cause anger and mood swings and result in ongoing anxiety and depression

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21
Q
  1. influence of social risk factors on mental health: stigma as a barrier
A

stigma refers to the social disapproval of an individuals type of behaviour. as a result of this negative stereotype people who are labelled at mentally ill will be less likely to be hired and more likely to be accused of crimes. often people are labelled with derogatory terms ‘schizo’. this negative stereotype stops people seeking treatment as they do not want to admit they are suffering from a mental illness and people may also not believe them

22
Q

cumulative risk

A

the accumulation of and exposure to multiple risk factors that increase susceptibility to developing a mental disorder or perpetuates an existing mental disorder

23
Q

difference between stress, phobia and anxiety

A

stress: state of mental of physical tension that occurs when an individual must adapt but does not feel they have the capacity to do so
phobia: a persistent, irrational and intense fear of a specific object, activity or situation
anxiety: a feeling of apprehension dread or uneasiness in response to an unclear or ambiguous threat

24
Q

anxiety

A

feeling anxious is a normal emotion, moderate levels of anxiety will improve performance and even high levels of anxiety can be helpful in certain situations. the difference between normal anxiety and an anxiety disorder is marked, when anxiety is out of proportion to the situation it may result in a disorder where intense or persistent anxiety prevents people from doing what they want or need to do, they struggle to preserve control

25
Q

normal anxiety vs anxiety disorder

A

normal anxiety: feeling apprehension or dread, can execute complex tasks, learn new responses and plan appropriate ones
anxiety disorder: recurring unrealistic intrusive fear, avoidance behaviour, persuasive feelings of stress, insecurity causing dysfunction

26
Q

what is an anxiety disorder

A

a mental disorder that involves feelings of extreme anxiety, accompanied by physical and psychological symptoms which prevents a sufferer from normal functioning

27
Q

development of a specific phobia

A

shows the interaction of the biopsychosocial model and ow they result in an anxiety disorder.

biological: GABA dysfunction, role of the stress response and LTP
psychological: behavioural models, cognitive bias
social: specific environmental triggers, stigma around seeking treatment

28
Q
  1. influence of contributing biological factors on developing a phobia: role of GABA
A

neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released into the synapse between neurons. GABA has an inhibiting effect, meaning when its receptors are activated the cells that have those receptors are inhibited slowing the excitability of excitable neurons reducing heart rate and blood pressure. therefore an individual with naturally low levels of GABA may not be able to regulate their anxiety increasing their risk of developing phobia

29
Q
  1. influence of contributing biological factors on developing a phobia: role of stress response
A

experiencing stress activates the sympathetic nervous system, this leads to physiological reactions such as increased heart rate, blood pressure etc. in the autonomic ns of people with phobias there is an increased stress response and respond excessively to simple stimuli, this can lead to dysfunction and inability to perform tasks

30
Q
  1. influence of contributing biological factors on developing a phobia: role of LTP
A

when fear is associated with a specific stimulus a new memory circuit with connections within the amygdala is thought to be made. as that connection is made repeatedly between the specific object and fear LTP occurs when the pathway between the neurons is strengthened and the fear becomes stronger

31
Q
  1. influence of contributing psychological factors on developing a phobia: behavioural models
A

proposes phobic anxiety could be result of learning. so acquisition of a phobia through repeated association between the two (classical conditioning = precipitation) and is maintenance due to rewards and punishment (operant conditioning = perpetuation) (negative reinforcement)

32
Q
  1. influence of contributing psychological factors on developing a phobia: cognitive models
A

cognitive model: a psychological perspective that is interested in investigating internal mental processes thoughts and memories and their influence on behaviour
cognitive bias: a type of error in thinking that occurs when people are interpreting information = illogical fear
memory bias: a type of error in thinking that may either enhance or impart the recall of memory or may alter the content we report remembering
catastrophic thinking: occurs when an individual repeatedly overestimates the potential dangers and assumes the worst

33
Q
  1. influence of contributing social factors on developing a phobia: specific environmental triggers
A

traumatic events. social learning theory is learning through experience so a dog attacking you and modelling is when someone we admire e.g parent has a fear and we learn to fear the stimulus through them

34
Q
  1. influence of contributing social factors on developing a phobia: stigma around seeking treatment
A

stigma is social disapproval of an individuals personal characteristics or beliefs or social disapproval of a type of behaviour. because phobias involve unrealistic and irrational emotions it is difficult for people to empathise. if surfers accept the stigma they will try to hide their phobia leading to shame and hopelessness

35
Q

evidence based interventions

A

treatments that have been proven effective based on the integration of clinical research expertise aimed at changing target behaviour

36
Q

biological interventions for phobia (list)

A
  • short acting anti anxiety benzodiazepine agents

- relaxation techniques (breathing + exercise)

37
Q

psychological interventions for phobia (list)

A
  • cognitive behavioural therapy

- systematic desensitisation

38
Q

social interventions for phobia (list)

A
  • psychoeducation ((not encouraging avoidance behaviours + changing unrealistic or anxious thoughts)
39
Q
  1. biological interventions for phobias: short acting anti anxiety benzos
A

medication can relieve symptoms of anxiety but they are short lasting as they do not treat the underlying cause, the medication is known as beta blockers a work by blocking the stimulating effects of adrenaline. benzos are only for a very short period (4weeks) as they can increase anxiety

40
Q
  1. biological interventions for phobias: relaxation techniques
A
  • breathing retraining: identifying incorrect breathing habits and replacing them with good ones
  • exercise
41
Q
  1. psychological interventions for phobias: CBT
A

cognitive behavioural therapy: a type of psychotherapy that uses a range of cognitive and behavioural therapies and learning principles to help people change unhelpful or unhealthy thought processes, feelings and behaviours, involves changing the way people think about something and how they react to it. for treating specific phobias techniques include, relaxation training, flooding and imaginal flooding

42
Q
  1. psychological interventions for phobias: systematic desensitisation
A

a type of behavioural therapy whereby an individual with a phobia is exposed to the fear producing object, activity or situation very slowly by degrees under relaxed conditions by using classical conditioning principles by pairing relaxation with the phobic stimulus

43
Q
  1. social interventions for phobias: psychoeducation
A

is the education about a mental illness such as the nature of the illness, its treatment and management strategies. goals is to empower the phobia person to understand their illness and to reduce stigma and help support the phobic person. involves

  1. challenging unrealistic or anxious thoughts: involves cognitive distortions such as fortune telling, overgeneralisation and catastrophising
  2. not encouraging avoidance behaviours which are maladaptive
44
Q

maintenance of mental health (list protective factors)

A

resilience as a positive adaption
BIO: diet, adequate sleep
PSYCH: CBT
SOCIAL: support from friends and family

45
Q

models of behavioural change: the transtheoretical model (stages)

A 
pre-contemplation
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance 
relapse
46
Q

the transtheoretical model of change: stage 1 pre-contemplation

A

individuals in this stage are not currently considering change within the next 6 months, this may be due to a lack of knowledge of the consequences. effective strategies for this are to make the person reevaluate their decision making

47
Q

the transtheoretical model of change: stage 2 contemplation

A

individuals intend to change behaviour in the next 6 months, they are more aware of the benefits of changing but also aware of the negatives of changing. effective strategy is to identify new positive outcomes for change

48
Q

the transtheoretical model of change: stage 3 preparation

A

individuals are ready to start taking action in the next 30 days and have devised a plan of action to make the significant behavioural change. effective strategies include encouraging small initial steps

49
Q

the transtheoretical model of change: stage 4 action

A

individuals have made the specific change within the past 6 months and during this stage they need to learn how to strengthen their commitment to change to avoid relapse. effective strategies include rewards for good steps

50
Q

the transtheoretical model of change: stage 5 maintenance/relapse

A

individuals here have sustained behavioural change for more than 6 months and are strong in their commitment, effective strategies are to encourage support seeking. if an individual relapses it is important to identify the trigger and reassess motivations and barriers, after relapse a person can enter the model at any stage

51
Q

limitations of the transtheoretical model of change

A

does not consider biopsychosocial factors and only accounts for one behaviour that needs to be changed and not considering the impact of other confounding behaviours

Psychology 2 (4 decks)

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