SAC 4

Question 1

The two poles in cultural production

Answer 1

For profit: art for money, conservative, “bad”, cooperation and competition

Non profit: art for art, high end “good art”, popular / mass culture and high

Question 2

Nobody knows principle (who and what)

Answer 2

(Caves 2002 - Demand uncertainty)

Can lead to the over or under production
- Demand uncertainty exists because the consumer’s reaction to a product is neither known beforehand, nor easily understood afterward.

Question 3

5 uncertainty strategies

Answer 3

1. Pursue overproduction (success of a few items subsidizes the rest)
2. Copying successful formula (doing more of the same thing)
3. Do selective promotion (put your eggs into a few baskets, rinse or drop)
4. Use decision chain (internal processes that shape product)
5. Create synergy (connections between different industries)

Question 4

Frankfurt Schule’s criticism of uncertainty strategies

Answer 4

Homogeneity: boring
Predictability: lack in innovation
Standardization: all the same in the end

Mass culture only and ‘Conveyer belt’

Question 5

Oligopoly Model (who and what)

Answer 5

(Crane) - A market structure with few firms and barriers to entry: industry concentration

Question 6

Consequence of the Oligopoly Model

Answer 6

• Hegemonically promoting interests of capitalism [e.g. USA in movie industry (Hollywood) have a hold over industries and leave little space for other countries)
• Aesthetic and political critique: Standardization according to western scripts
• Lack of innovation: Conservativeness (innovation often fails)

Question 7

Funding in non profit cultural production

Answer 7

• Governments (conservative / Focus on “dead artists”
• Commercial operations (bars, gift shops, etc)