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Biology 12 > SAC 1 > Flashcards

SAC 1 Flashcards

Plasma membranes, proteins, enzymes and energy transformations.

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Unicellular

A

Consisting of one cell

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2
Q

Multicellular

A

Composed of many cells

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3
Q

Autotrophs

A

Manufacture their own food

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4
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Rely on other sources for food

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5
Q

Organic chemicals

A

Complex carbon-containing molecules

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6
Q

Inorganic molecules

A 
Do not contain carbon in a complex form
Eg water
co2
o2
minerals such as cl-, k+, mg2+
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7
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Occur between ions, particles that have an electrical charge
Pos and neg charges attract
Eg Na+ are attracted to Cl- to form NaCl

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8
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Bonds in which atoms share electrons
Polar or non polar
H20 is polar
Ch4 (methane) is non polar

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9
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

formed by the attraction between polar molecules
Not very strong
Eg liquid water is held together by hydrogen bonds between H and O atoms in water molecules

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10
Q

Biomacromolecules

A

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Lipids

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11
Q

What are polymers made up of?

A

Many monomers

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12
Q

Why are lipids different?

A

They rarely form polymers

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13
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Water is released
Building larger molecules
Forming polymers

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14
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A 
smallest living cells
diameters of 0.5 to 1.0 micrometres
have a cell membrane and cytosol
lack membrane bound organelles
have no nuclear membrane
have just one circular chromosome
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15
Q

Plasmids

A

small circular units of DNA

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16
Q

Fimbriae

A

hairline structures used for attachment

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17
Q

cell wall in a prokaryote

A

made of a polysaccharide

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18
Q

capsule

A

protects bacteria

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19
Q

flagellum

A

used for movement

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20
Q

Simple base molecule of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

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21
Q

Simple base molecule of proteins

A

amino acids

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22
Q

Simple base molecule of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

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23
Q

Simple base molecule of lipids

A

fatty acid

steroids

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24
Q

Carbohydrates

A 
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
important as an energy supply
some are important in structural support
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25
Q

Proteins

A 
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen 
nitrogen
some contain sulfur
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26
Q

nucleic acids

A 
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorous
DNA or RNA
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27
Q

DNA stands for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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28
Q

RNA stands for

A

ribonucleic acid

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29
Q

Lipids

A 
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
may contain phosphorous and nitrogen
insoluble in water (hydrophobic)
do not form polymers
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30
Q

monosaccharides

A

most important of which is glucose
others include fructose, galactose and ribose
monosaccharides contain rings of carbon atoms bonded covalently to oxygen and hydrogen atoms

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31
Q

amino acids

A

20 commonly found in proteins
contain and amino group (NH2) and a carboxylic acid group (COOH)
Basic structure is the same, R group varies in each of the 20 amino acids

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32
Q

nucleotides

A

nitrogenous base

phosphate group and 6-C sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) alternating backbone

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33
Q

Starch

A

branched chains of glucose molecules used as a storage molecule in plants

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34
Q

glycogen

A

branched chains of glucose molecules used as a storage molecule in animals
the chains are more branched than those in starch

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35
Q

cellulose

A

also composed of glucose molecules

it forms plant cell walls

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36
Q

chitin

A

forms the basis of insect exoskeletons, and the cell walls of some fungi.
composed of chains of modified glucose molecules

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37
Q

peptides and polypeptides

A

chains of amino acids

individual amino acids are held together by peptide bonds

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38
Q

protein

A

is one or more polypeptides coiled or folded into a specific shape

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39
Q

fibrous proteins

A

important for cellular structure

40
Q

globular proteins

A

include important molecules such as haemoglobin, all of the enzymes and protein hormones

41
Q

DNA

A

double stranded helix shaped molecule
main constituent of chromosomes
the molecules backbones are held together by covalent bonds between the sugar and phosphate groups
two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases

42
Q

RNA

A

single stranded molecule

43
Q

Fats

A

composed of three fatty acid and glycerol
fats and oils are long term energy storage molecules
insoluble in water
phospholipids are the major component of cell membranes

44
Q

how big are eukaryotic cells

A

10um to 100um (micrometer)

45
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

membrane bound organelles suspended in cytosol
have a distinct double layered nuclear membrane
have many linear chromosomes

46
Q

light microscope magnification

A

x400

47
Q

cell membrane description

A

double layer of phospholipids embedded with protein molecules, glycoproteins and some short carbohydrate chains

48
Q

cell membrane function

A

encloses all cell contents
regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell
helps to maintain shape
communicates with neighbouring cells

49
Q

nucleus description

A

it is surrounded by a double membrane and is usually large compared to other organelles
contains chromosomes and the nucleolous

50
Q

nucleus function

A

information in the chromosomes controls the production of proteins in the cell
these proteins, in turn, control cellular functions

51
Q

mitochondria description

A

sacs made up of two membranes
the inner membrane is folded to create cristae, increasing surface area
the cristae enclose the fluid-filled matrix

52
Q

mitochondria function

A

site of aerobic respiration, they are responsible for most of the cell’s energy production
most abundant in cells with high energy needs eg muscle cells and cells of the kidney tubule

53
Q

ribosome description

A

small spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein

54
Q

ribosome function

A

site of protein synthesis

55
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum description

A

a network of membranes that create channels in the cytoplasm from the nucleus to the cell membrane

56
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

A

site of lipid synthesis and transport of many materials throughout the cell
abundant in cells that produce steroid hormones

57
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum description

A

a network of membranes that create channels in the cytoplasm
rough ER is studded with ribosomes

58
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum function

A

transports and folds proteins produced by ribosomes
synthesises glycoproteins
parts of the ER pinch off to become vesicles for transport of proteins to the membrane or to other organelles, including the golgi bodies

59
Q

golgi complex description

A

stacks of flattened membrane sacs

60
Q

golgi complex function

A

packages proteins and glycoproteins into vesicles for secretion from the cell or to be sent to other organelles
modifies some proteins and glycoproteins
synthesises cellulose in plant cells
abundant in cells that export cell products

61
Q

lysosome description

A

a membrane sack containing many digestive enzymes

62
Q

lysosome function

A

contains enzymes that digest ingested materials and wastes

important in programmed cell death

63
Q

vacuole description

A

a membrane bound sac containing fluid, sugars and ions

appears as a clear area when seen through a microscope

64
Q

vacuole function

A

important in turgor in plant cells; the pressure of fluid in the large vacuole helps maintain cell shape
also used for storage of sugars, ions and food

65
Q

chloroplast description

A

surrounded by a double membrane, contains stacks of membranes (grana) embedded in less dense membrane and fluid (stroma)

66
Q

chloroplast function

A

the site of photosynthesis; grana (or thylakoid membranes) contain chlorophyll, the pigment that traps light energy
abundant in leaf cells

67
Q

centriole description

A

a pair of cylindrical structures made up of several smaller tubes

68
Q

centriole function

A

the spindle forms between centrioles during cell division

69
Q

flagella or cilia function

A

provides movement of the cell or fluid surrounding the cell

70
Q

cell wall description

A

a layer of cellulose (in plants) secreted by the cell and completely surrounding the cell membrane

71
Q

cell wall function

A

provides structural support and defines the shape of cells

72
Q

hydro phillic

A

water loving

molecules that have an affinity with water and are able to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules

73
Q

hydro phobic

A

water hating
repel water molecules
insoluble in water

74
Q

exocytosis

A

movement of materials out of a cell via a vesicle. vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, and the vesicle contents are released out of the cell

75
Q

endocytosis

A

the process in which a cell takes in a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it within the plasma membrane to form a vesicle, bringing it into the cell

76
Q

integral protein

A

protein that is partially or fully embedded within the plasma membrane

77
Q

peripheral protein

A

a type of protein attached to the outer surface of the phospholipids or the integral proteins in the plasma membrane
they do not penetrate the hydrophobic centre of the hydrophobic plasma membrane

78
Q

glycoprotein

A

carbohydrate chain attached to protein

act as cell surface markers

79
Q

cholesterol

A

assists with membrane fluidity and structure

80
Q

carrier protein/ protein pump

A

transport proteins that have a specific shape complementing certain molecules
when they bind, the protein changes shape and delivers the molecule through the membrane
eg glucose and amino acids

81
Q

channel protein

A

hydrophillic passageways that facilitate the diffusion of large or polar molecules

82
Q

solute

A

molecule that is dissolved into the solution

83
Q

solvent

A

the substance (liquid) that in which the solutes are dissolved to form a solution

84
Q

solution

A

a mixture that typically consists of one or more solutes dissolved and distributed throughout a solvent

85
Q

How does molecular size affect permeability?

A

smaller molecules are able to cross the plasma membrane a lot easier than larger molecules (diffuse using no energy)

86
Q

How does presence of net charge affect permeability?

A

molecules with a neutral charge (non-polar, lipophillic) can cross easier than charged molecules

87
Q

How does temperature affect permeability?

A

cold temperatures reduce membrane fluidity, decreasing permeability
high temperatures can denature the membrane and proteins

88
Q

How does pH affect permeability?

A

pH levels that aren’t optimal for the cell can denature the membrane and proteins

89
Q

diffusion

A

the passive net movement of molecules across a semi permeable membrane from a region of high solute concentration to a low solute concentration (along concentration gradient)

90
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the passive net movement of molecules across a semi permeable membrane from a region of high solute concentration to a low solute concentration via transport proteins
allows larger, and/or charged molecules to move across the plasma membrane through a channel or carrier protein

91
Q

osmosis

A

net movement of water molecules across a semi permeable membrane from a region of high water (low solute/high solvent) concentration to low water (high solute/low solvent) concentration

92
Q

role of integral proteins

A 
transport systems eg protein channels
enzyme function
signal transduction
cell-cell recognition
inter cellular joining
attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
93
Q

role of peripheral proteins

A 
function as enzymes
receptors
structural attachment points
cellular recognition points
94
Q

why is the plasma membrane described as a mosaic

A

the way that specialised proteins are variously embedded in the plasma membrane gives it a mosaic look from above due to the uniform background of phospholipids

95
Q

substances that can easily pass through plasma membrane

A

lipid soluble substances eg alcohol
small uncharged molecules eg water (aquaporins)
small molecules eg o2, co2

Biology 12 (5 decks)

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