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Biology 12 > Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of photosynthesis?

A

To convert solar energy (light) into chemical energy (glucose) for immediate or future use (store it).

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2
Q

What are the factors that make scientists believe chloroplasts and mitochondria were once their own cell?

A

Chloroplasts, Mitochondria and bacteria both possess circular DNA.
Chloroplasts, Mitochondria and bacteria both divide by binary fission.
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have their own ribosomes which are size 70 like the ribosomes found in bacteria, whereas eukaryotic cells have ribosomes of size 80.
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have a double membrane envelope which is similar to the cell wall of cyanobacteria.

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3
Q

What is in a cholorplast

A 
Ribosomes
Circular DNA
Thylakoid Discs
Grana/Granum
Stroma
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4
Q

Thylakoid discs

A

a single disc consisting of a thylakoid membrane

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5
Q

Granum

A

A single stack of thylakoid discs

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6
Q

Grana

A

Multiple stacks of thylakoid discs

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7
Q

Where does the light dependant stage happen?

A

Thylakoid discs

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8
Q

Where does the light independent stage happen?

A

Stroma

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9
Q

What is the light independent stage also known as?

A

Calvin cycle

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10
Q

What is the Calvin cycle?

A

Light independent stage

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11
Q

Which stage, dependent or independent, directly depends on sunlight to occur?

A

The light dependent stage relies on sunlight for the process to occur however the light independent stage relies on the light dependent stage to work so technically the light independent stage indirectly relies on sunlight too

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12
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

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13
Q

What are the coenzymes for photosynthesis?

A

NADP and NADPH

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14
Q

Why does the light dependent stage occur in the grana?

A

Because the grana trap light and they hold chlorophyll and enzymes.

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15
Q

What is the stroma and what does it contain?

A

The stroma is the gel-like part the surrounds the thylakoid and contains the enzymes Rubisco.

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16
Q

What is Rubisco?

A

An enzyme used in the first stage of the Calvin cycle to catalyse the attachment of CO2 to Ribulose leading to the formation of pyruvate.

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17
Q

What is the theory about chloroplasts having a bacterial origin?

A
  1. Cyanobacteria were engulfed by eukaryotic cells.
  2. They then became permanent residents within the cell. Once inside, the cyanobacteria evolved through the theory of endosymbiosis.
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18
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Different species living inside each other in close partnership.

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19
Q

Light dependent stage inputs

A

Light energy (not a chemical input)
H2O
NADP
ADP+Pi

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20
Q

Light dependent stage outputs

A

O2
NADPH
ATP

21
Q

What happens in the light dependent stage…explain

A
  1. Light enters cells and trapped by grana.
  2. Energy excites electrons in grana.
  3. Electrons split H2O into H+ ions and oxygen atoms.
  4. Electrons convert the ADP+Pi into ATP.
  5. NADP collects all electrons and H+ molecules.
  6. NADP becomes NADPH.
  7. O2 then exists as a by product and plays no further role in photosynthesis.
22
Q

Light independent stage inputs

A

CO2
NADPH
ATP

23
Q

Light independent stage outputs

A

Glucose (C6H12O6)
NADP
ADP+Pi

24
Q

What happens in the light independent stage…explain

A
  1. CO2 is fused with RuBP with the help of rubisco.
  2. ATP and NADPH are required to complete the reformation of these molecules to 12PGAL.
  3. 10PGAL are then reformed with the help of ATP back into RuBP.
  4. Whilst the remaining 2PGAL form glucose.
25
Q

What is the relationship between ATP and NADPH in the light dependent and light independent stages?

A

ATP and NADPH start as outputs from the light dependent stage but then becomes inputs for the calvin cycle.

26
Q

Factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis…

A

Light intensity
Availability of CO2
Temperature

27
Q

Cellular Respiration Formula

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36-38ATP

28
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Requires energy

29
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Doesn’t require energy

30
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Exergonic reaction
All living things do
It is a series of energy releasing reactions which break down glucose into ATP via chemical energy.

31
Q

What are the two types of cellular respiration?

A

Aerobic (O2 present)

Anaerobic (O2 not present)

32
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

To transfer the chemical energy stored in the organic molecule of glucose into ATP so cells can carry out their cellular functioning.

33
Q

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

34
Q

Glycolysis

A

First stage of CR and can occur with or without O2
Occurs in cytosol of cell
Splitting of glucose into two pyruvate molecules, ATP and NADH are also produced

35
Q

Glycolysis inputs

A

Glucose
2ADP
2NAD

36
Q

Glycolysis outputs

A

2 Pyruvate
2ATP
2NADH

37
Q

How many ATP’s are NADH and FADH2 coenzymes worth?

A

NADH- “worth” 3ATP’s

FADH2- “worth” 2ATP’s

38
Q

Kreb’s (or citric acid) cycle

A

Second stage of CR that occurs in presence of O2
Occurs in matrix of mitochondria
1. Before the pyruvate enters the mitochondria it is split into Acetyl CoA which then enters the Kreb’s cycle. 2O2 is let off as a by-product.
2. Then a cycle happens and FADH2, ATP and NADH are produced.

39
Q

Kreb’s Cycle inputs

A

2 Pyruvate (2 Acetyl CoA)
2 ADP
8 NAD
2 FAD

40
Q

Kreb’s Cycle outputs

A

2 ATP
8 NADH
2 FADH2
6CO2

41
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

Occurs in the cristae of mitochondria

42
Q

Electron Transport Chain inputs

A

6O2
10 NADH
2 FADH2

43
Q

Electron Transport Chain outputs

A

6 H2O
10 NAD
2 FAD
34 ATP

44
Q

Factors that affect the rate of cellular respiration

A

Temp
Glucose availability
Oxygen concentration

45
Q

Endosymbiosis timeline

A

Endosymbiosis occurred first with aerobic bacteria
Which was then followed by a second event of endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria
Which then explains why all cells have mitochondria whilst only some (plants/algae) have chloroplasts

46
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Occurs much faster than aerobic respiration but only produces 2ATP
It occurs in the cytosol of the cell
Occurs in the absence of O2-basically glycolysis followed by fermentation

47
Q

Anaerobic Respiration- Animals

A

Relied on during strenuous activity

After glycolysis, NADH reforms the pyruvate into lactic acid

48
Q

What happens after strenuous activity- Animals?

A
  1. Oxygen debt
    Breathe heavily so an increase in O2 consumption will occur which will return body to aerobic respiration. In turn, the lactate is converted back to Pyruvate and used in the Kreb’s cycle.
  2. If activity continues, muscle pain and fatigue will occur. Your metabolism will then inhibit meaning the waste cannot be removed from the cell. A build up of waste will eventually force you to stop the activity.
49
Q

Anaerobic respiration- Yeast/Plants

A

After glycolysis, in the absence of O2

Biology 12 (5 decks)

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