SA2 Flashcards
disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly
Sporadic
usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area
Endemic
increase often sudden in the number of cases of a disease above what is expected in that
population in that area
epidemic
epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents
PANDEMIC
same as the epidemic but is often used for a more limited geographic area
outbreak
aggregation of cases grouped in a place and time that are suspected to be greater than the
number expected
cluster
pathogen: a virus, bacterium, parasite, or other microbe
agent
human who can get the disease
host
extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the opportunity for exposure.
environment
-the problem is subclinical or hidden from view
The iceberg principle
shows the relationship between multiple factors that contribute to the cause
Web Causation
-vital in identifying risk factors and monitoring health disease conditions in the population
Screening and Surveillance
process of detection for disease or disorders among healthy people.
Screening
systematic, on-going and analytic process of monitoring to scrutinize disease
- involves investigating the distribution and possible cause of disease
surveillance
CATEGORY OF SURVEILLANCE
rapid detection, notification, verification, and assessment of public events
Event Based
CATEGORY OF SURVEILLANCE
routine reporting of cases of disease such as notifiable disease surveillance
system
Indicator based
Level of prevention
prevent even before the risk factor is present
Healthy Lifestyle and avoiding the development of behaviors and exposure patterns
Primordial prevention
level of prevention
control of exposure to risk factors, before the disease development.
promote healthy lifestyle and environment Health Protection aimed at reducing the risk for specific
diseases
Primary Prevention
Level of prevention
to detect early the disease before the onset of signs and symptoms.
Examples: Mammography to detect possible cancer
Secondary prevention
Level of prevention
Managing the disease after the diagnosis to slow or stop disease progression
Chemotherapy, Rehabilitation and Screening for complication
Tertiary Prevention
Examines relationship between health problems and other variables of
interest as they exist in a defined population at one particular time.
Cross Sectional Study
– a longitudinal study.
-disease free in the beginning of the study.
Cohort Study
retrospective study
-Subjects positive for disease or health condition (called the “case” group) are compared with subjects
who are negative or have no disease or health condition (called the “control” group)
Case Control Study
understand the quality and the amount of influence that determinants have on the occurrence of
disease
Analytical Epidemiology
to confirm a casual relationship suggested by observational studies.
Experimental epidemiology
Microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, that can cause
infectious disease.
Infectious agent
The host in which infectious agents live, grow, and multiply
Reservoir
The route by which an infectious agent escapes or leaves the reservoir.
Portal of exit
Immediate transfer from Person to Person
Direct
Vector Borne (Insects / Animals) / Vehicle (Fomite)
Indirect
Can remain suspended in the air for a period of time
Airborne
thru Droplet nuclei
Droplet
The route by which an infectious agent enters a new host
portal of entry
elevated risk for developing an infection when exposed to an infectious agent due
to changes in their immune system defenses.
susceptible host
On Site toilet facilities of the water carriage type
• Commonly used in the Philippines (water seal, water flush, septic tank)
Level 2
Non-water carriage toilet facility – no water is necessary to wash the waste into the receiving space
such as Pit Latrines, Reed odorless earth closet.
• Toilet Facilities requiring small amount of water to wash the waste such as pour flush toilet and aqua
prives
Level 1
• Water carriage types of toilet facilities connected to septic tanks and or to Sewerage System or
Treatment Plant
• Commonly used in High-End Villages and Condominiums
• Rural areas use Blind Drainage or collection type of disposal facility.
Level 3
FOUR RIGHTS IN FOOD SAFETY
Right Source
Right Preparation
Right cooking
Right storage
leftover vegetable, animal, and fish material from kitchen and food establishments that
tend to decay, thus giving off foul odors.
garbage
refers to waste materials such as bottles, broken glass, porcelain, tin cans, wastepaper
discarded textile materials, pieces of metal, and other wrapping materials.
Rubbish
CATEGORIES OF HEALTH CARE WASTE: Non-infectious Dry Waste
Black
CATEGORIES OF HEALTH CARE WASTE: non infectious wet
green
Sharps
red
Infectious or pathological waste
yellow
radioactive
orange
SANITATION CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
PD 856
ANTI LITTERING LAW
PD 825
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT
RA 9003
FOOD SAFETY ACT
RA 10611
NATIONAL SMOKING BAN
EO 26
TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE CONTROL ACT
RA 6969
cases increase after hurricanes or floods when people may be exposed to contaminated water or use
it for drinking or bathing.
Leptospirosis (Weil’s disease)
is
an infectious disease that is widespread in many tropical and subtropical regions.
Malaria
caused by various thread-like parasitic round worms (nematodes) and their larvae
larvae transmit the disease to humans through a mosquito bite
can progress to include gross enlargement of the limbs and genitalia
Filariasis
caused by some species of blood trematodes (flukes) in the genus Schistosoma
schistosomiasis
mosquito-borne infection which in recent years has become a majorinternational public health
concern.
found in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world
Dengue
Is the science of population. The word is derived from two Greek words “snyos”meaning “people”
and “ypagly” which means “to draw or to write”
demography
refers to the number of people in a given place or area at a given time
population size
-characteristics of population about certain variables such as age, sex, occupation, educational level etc
population composition
-how people are distributed in a specific geographic location
spatial distribution
official and periodic enumeration of population
Census
done when people are assigned to the place where they usually live regardless of where
they are at the time of census; (Ex: survey, census)
De Jure
people are assigned to the place where they are physically present at the time of census
regardless of their usual place of residence ex: RFA
De Facto
data obtained from a small number of people proportionate to the total population
will always be generalized for the whole population
Sample Survey
vital events (such as births, deaths, marriages) collected by the civil registrar’s
office
Registration systems
systems which produce births, deaths and causes of death information
CIVIL REGISTRATION AND VITAL STATISTICS
- also called process evaluation
- tracks variables such as funding received, products and services delivered, payments made, other
resources
Monitoring
What type of data?
. Financial report in community, personnel, supplies purchase
Input data
What type of data? Services, goods provided.
Output data
What type of data? specific activities carried out in the program
Process data
Determines program efficiency
monitoring
determines program effectiveness
Evaluation
forms a basis for program accountability
Monitoring
identifies strong and weak points
monitoring
identifies inconsistensies
evaluation
alerts management of discrepancies
evaluation
suggests changes in program
evaluation
establishes standard of performance
monitoring
What are the 4 phases of evaluation?
Planning,
Implementation
Completion
Dissemination and reporting
