S7 - Social Development Issues (C2)

Question 1

How do we measure development within a country ?

Answer 1

Often by using an economic indicator, but this doesn’t reflect the standard of living locals may experience so social development is also looked at.

Question 2

What is social development ?

Answer 2

A measure of how well a society is changing for the better or how living standards are improving.

Question 3

What are some indicators used to measure social development ?

Answer 3

Life expectancy, literacy rates, number of people per doctor, average food consumption, homelessness, deaths from unsafe water and sanitation, and infant mortality rate.

Question 4

How do we measure literacy rates ?

Answer 4

It’s a count of the percentage of a population that can functionally read and write.

Question 5

What is infant mortality rate ?

Answer 5

The number of babies per 1000 live births who die under the age of one.

Question 6

What are some social indicators of gender equality ?

Answer 6

Male and female: literacy rates, life expectancy and food consumption; fertility rate and employment type.

Question 7

What does fertility rate mean ?

Answer 7

The average number of births to a women in her lifetime.

Question 8

What is the GII ?

Answer 8

The Gender Inequality Index - a measurement of gender disparity.

Question 9

How does the GII measure gender inequalities ?

Answer 9

In three key aspects of human development: reproductive health, empowerment and economic status.

Question 10

What is the table displaying the GII ?

Answer 10

Table consisting of the dimensions, indicators and dimension index to expose and explore differences in achievements of men and women - look at full table somewhere else.

Question 11

What is GDP ?

Answer 11

Gross Domestic Product - the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year.

Question 12

What is the continuum of social development ?

Answer 12

A way of thinking about social development as a continuous process that doesn’t have an end point.

Question 13

What is a development gap ?

Answer 13

A gap that exists in the measurement of development between the worlds richest and poorest countries.

Question 14

What is HDI ?

Answer 14

Human Development Index - a measure of the development in a country taking into account wealth, education and average life expectancy.

Question 15

What is GNI ?

Answer 15

Gross National Income per capita - the average income in a country per person.

Question 16

What kind of things are indications of the health of citizens of a country and the state of the main healthcare provided within that country ?

Answer 16

The average life expectancy, infant mortality rate, percentage of GDP spent on healthcare, length of hospital waiting lists, and the mortality rate of specific health conditions.

Question 17

How is the HDI calculated ?

Answer 17

From four development indicators, measuring a country’s progress across a range of factors: average length of schooling in years, literacy rates, GNI per capita, and life expectancy.

Question 18

What is birth rate ?

Answer 18

The number of births per 100 people per year.

Question 19

What is death rate ?

Answer 19

The number of deaths per 100 people per year.

Question 20

What is a population pyramid ?

Answer 20

A graph that shows the age and gender distribution of a population.

Question 21

What economic factors lead to higher birth rates ?

Answer 21

Having more children provides labour on farms and security for old age in LICs.

Question 22

What social factors lead to higher birth rates ?

Answer 22

Large families are sign of virility, girls may marry early extending child bearing years, women may lack education and stay at home to raise a family rather than work, and a higher infant mortality rate encourages larger families to ensure the survival of some children by having lots.

Question 23

What economic factors lead to lower birth rates ?

Answer 23

High cost of living means its expensive to raise children and couples may prefer to spend money on material things like cars and holidays.

Question 24

What political factors lead to lower birth rates ?

Answer 24

Women are now more educated and often follow careers which delay or prevent them from starting families and birth control is now readily available.

Question 25

What social factors lead to lower birth rates ?

Answer 25

People often marry later and therefore have reduced child-bearing years.

Question 26

What social factors lead to higher death rates ?

Answer 26

In LICs difficult to control diseases are having an impact on death rates, and in HICs the increasing proportion of elderly people in ageing societies is leading to an increase in death rates.

Question 27

What social factors lead to lower death rates ?

Answer 27

Less physically demanding jobs put less physical stress on people.

Question 28

What political factors lead to lower death rates ?

Answer 28

Better healthcare and vaccination programmes more readily available, people are more educated about health and hygiene, water supplies are more reliable and cleaner and there is more sanitary disposal of waste.

Question 29

What is migration ?

Answer 29

The movement of people from one place to another ?

Question 30

What are some causes of child labour ?

Answer 30

Due to unemployed parents, lack of access to affordable education, AIDS led to increased number of orphans who are vulnerable to child labour, and poverty - children expected to support their family income.

Question 31

What are some consequences of child labour ?

Answer 31

Children deprived of right to education, growth deficiency and malnutrition, damaging effects on children’s health, children trapped in slavery, trafficking and prostitution, and 22,000 work-related child deaths.

Question 32

What international organisations are trying to tackle child labour ?

Answer 32

The International Labour Organisation (ILO) - collects data form countries and uses this to set targets which can be used as benchmarks for progress, the United Nations (UN), International World Say Against Child Labour - attempting to raise profile of various aspects involved in child labour, and charities such as Child Hope and SOS Children’s - raising awareness.

Question 33

What are the UN doing about child labour ?

Answer 33

They hold conventions aiming to get an international agreement on the issue - including convention 138 on minimum age for admission to employment, and convention 182 on the worst forms of child labour.

Question 34

What is the caste system ?

Answer 34

An Indian class system which involves determining social class by the one you were born into.

Question 35

What location have we studied that has a problem with child labour and primary education ?

Answer 35

India - decreasing but still large issue, 4.9 mil child labourers in 2010 to 4.3 mil child labourers in 2011. In addition to poverty lack of education causes child labour.

Question 36

What are causes of girls spending less time in schools in LICs such as India ?

Answer 36

Poor quality buildings/facilities/teaching or schools can be too far away or too expensive, the attitudes to women in some societies, many girls expected to marry young and any sexual harassment of the girls can ‘bring dishonour’ to the family.

Question 37

What are the consequences of a lack of education for girls in LICs such as India ?

Answer 37

Poor prospects to live independently, higher infant mortality rate due to being uneducated mothers, and large family sizes keep women in home and rearing children.

Question 38

What are economic migrants ?

Answer 38

People who move with the hope of earning more money elsewhere.

Question 39

What is the difference between pull and push factors ?

Answer 39

Pull factors are ones that attract people to a place, whereas push factors are ones that make people want to leave a place.

Question 40

What are asylum seekers ?

Answer 40

People who have applied for legal recognition as refugees in another country and are waiting for a decision.

Question 41

What is an international refugee ?

Answer 41

Someone who is forced to leave where they live to move to another country.

Question 42

How is Lebanon dealing with impacts of refugees ?

Answer 42

Population growth of 25%; highest per capita concentration of refugees; increased pressure on infrastructure, public health, labour, education, housing and security; Lebanese government requested 449 mil to assist hosting refugees; tent cities and squatter settlements cover large areas; limited access to clean water and sanitation lead to spread of disease; refugee children miss out on education.

Question 43

How have some national governments reacted to mass migration of refugees ?

Answer 43

Germany and Sweden see refugees as victims and welcomed them and helped them integrate into society, Austria trying to limit number of refugees to 80 a day, and UK agreed to accept 20,000 refugees from Syria by 2020 and will accept more unaccompanied child refugees.

Question 44

What is the schengen agreement ?

Answer 44

An EU agreement whereby border checks between some member states have largely been removed.

Question 45

Who is part of the schengen agreement ?

Answer 45

22 EU members and 4 non-EU members: norway, iceland, switzerland and liechtenstein. The 6 EU countries not involved are bulgaria, croatia, cyprus, ireland, romania and the UK.

Question 46

What is the infant mortality rate of sub-saharan africa ?

Answer 46

In 2015 it was 86 deaths per 1000 live births.

Question 47

What causes the high infant mortality rates in sub-saharan africa ?

Answer 47

Poorest area in the world so can’t afford good medical care, neonatal infections - infections from processes of delivering baby, 10% child deaths due to diarrhoea, lack of skilled birth attendants - many children dying within 24 hours of birth, and lack of vaccinations and mosquito nets to prevent diseases.

Question 48

Why is malawi vulnerable to the effects of malaria ?

Answer 48

Lake malawi covers a third of malawi’s land mass and due to warm stagnant water many infections found around here, higher infection rates in rural areas, mosquitoes becoming resistant to insecticides, doctors are long walks away for most people, and children, pregnant women and those with HIV are high risk.

Question 49

What are governments in doing to combat malaria ?

Answer 49

Increasing use of insecticide treated bed nets (£3) - in 2015 80% households had at least one, improving access to fast and effective treatment to manage early symptoms, and spraying insecticides where people are more likely to come into contact with mosquitoes.

Question 50

What is malaria ?

Answer 50

Tropical disease which can cause fever, headaches, vomiting and muscle pain if untreated, caused by mosquito vectors biting people.

Question 51

What is HIV ?

Answer 51

Human immunodeficiency virus - attacks bodies immune system reducing ability to fight infections, if untreated an become AIDS.

Question 52

What is AIDS ?

Answer 52

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - final stage of HIV and can lead to death if untreated. p131