S5) Thrombosis and Embolism Flashcards
What is a thrombosis?
A thrombosis is the formation of a solid mass from the constituents of the blood, within the circulatory system
There are three fundamental predisposing factors to thrombosis.
What is this called?
Virchow’s triad
Identify the three predisposing factors to thrombosis as outlined in Virchow’s triad
- Abnormalities of the flow of blood
- Abnormalities of the blood vessel wall
- Abnormalities of the constituents of the blood
State two possible abnormalities in the flow of blood
- Stagnation
- Turbulence
State three causes for abnormalities in the blood vessel wall
- Atheroma
- Direct injury
- Inflammation
State three causes for abnormalities in the constituents of the blood
- Smoking
- Post-partum
- Post-operation
Describe the appearance of arterial thrombi
- Pale
- Granular
- Lines of Zahn
- Lower cell content
Describe the appearance of venous thrombi
- Soft
- Gelatinous
- Deep red
- Higher cell content
What are the 5 possible outcomes of a thrombosis?
- Lysis
- Propagation
- Organisation
- Re-canalisation
- Embolism
In three steps, describe the following outcome of a thrombosis: lysis
⇒ Complete dissolution of thrombus (small)
⇒ Fibrinolytic system active
⇒ Blood flow re-established
In three steps, describe the following outcome of a thrombosis: propagation
⇒ Progressive spread of thrombosis
⇒ Spreads distally in arteries
⇒ Spreads proximally in veins
In two steps, describe the following outcome of a thrombosis: organisation
⇒ Ingrowth of fibroblasts and capillaries (similar to granulation tissue)
⇒ Lumen remains obstructed
In two steps, describe the following outcome of a thrombosis: re-canalisation
⇒ Blood flow re-established but usually incompletely
⇒ 1/more channels formed through organising thrombus
In three steps, describe the following outcome of a thrombosis: embolism
⇒ Part of thrombus breaks off
⇒ Travels through bloodstream
⇒ Lodges at distant site
What are the arterial effects of thrombosis?
Depends on site and collateral circulation:
- Ischaemia
- Infarction