S4W8 Flashcards
Knee injuries are difficult to treat because
the cartilage of the knee does not repair itself
A new concept in the treatments of knee injuries is the transplantation of
chondrocytes
The shaft of a long bone is the
diaphysis
To what part of the bone do tendons and ligaments attach?
periosteum
Bone that consists mainly of tightly packed tissue is called
compact bone
Bone that consists of numerous branching bony plates separated by irregular spaces is called
spongy or cancellous
The medullary cavity of a long bone is filled with
marrow
Bones that develop from layers of membranous connective tissue are called
intramembranous bones
Bones that develop from masses of hyaline cartilage are called
endocondral bones
The band of cartilage between the mprimary and secondary ossification centers in long bones is called the
epiphyseal disk
Once bone formation is complete, the bone _________ throughout life.
is remodeled
When a bone is fractured, a hematoma is formed from blood escaping from
the periosteum
blood vessels within the bone
The gap between broken ends of a fractured bone is filled by a
cartilaginous callus
To accomplish movement, bones and muscles function together to act as
levers
Which of the following bones contain red marrow for blood cell formation in a healthy adult
pelvis
ribs
Damaged bone marrow can be replaced by a
marrow transplant
A new technique in harvesting bone marrow for transplantation involves giving the donor a biochemical in order to
permit blood-forming cells form the donor’s bloodstream
Which of the following inorganic salts are stored in bone?
calcium
The hormone associated with the development of osteoporosis is
estrogen
List the major parts of the axial skeleton
skull, hyoid, vertebral column, thoracic cage
List the major parts of the appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle, arms, pelvic girdle, legs
The only movable bone of the skull is the
mandible
The bone that forms the back of the skull and joins the skull along the lamboidal suture is the ________ bone.
occipital
The upper jaw is formed by the ________ bones
maxillary
The membranous areas (soft spots) of an infant’s skull are called __________.
fontanels
What part of the vertebral column acts as a shock absorber?
intervertebral disks
Which of the vertebrae suppor the most weight?
lumbar
The functions of the thoracic cage include
- production of blood cells
- contribution to breathing
- protection of heart and lungs
- support of the shoulder girdle
True ribs articulate with _______ and _______.
thoracic vertebrae
sternum
The pectoral girdle is made up of two _______ and two _______.
clavicles
scapula
The wrist consists of
8 carpal bones
The _______ crosses over the ulna when the palm of the hand faces backward.
radius
When the hands are placed on the hips, they are placed over the
iliac crest
The longest bone in the body is the
femur
The lower end of the fibula can be felt as an ankle bone. The correct name is the
lateral malleolus
Synovial membrane is found in
freely movable joints
The function of bursae is to
facilitate movement of tendons over bones
The type of joint that permits the widest range of motion is
ball-and-socket
Moving the parts at a joint so that the angle between them is increased is caleld
extension
List the tissue found in bones
bone
cartilage
epithelial
fibrous connective
blood
nervous
What is the structural difference between compact and spongy bone?
compact is very tightly packed
spongy bone is highly branch, thin bone plates that contain a lot a space
The vascular fibrous tissue covering the bone whose function is the formation and repair of bone tissue is the _______.
periosteum
What bones are intramembranous bones? How do they develop?
flat bones of skull that ebgin as sheets of connective tissue which then become osteoblasts later, and eventually osteocytes
What bones are endochondral bones? How do they develop? Be sure to include descriptions of the primary ossification center, the secondary ossification center, and the epiphyseal disk.
Most boens of the skeleton are endochondral (arms, legs, ribs, etc) that begin life as cartilage which begins to ossify in the middle and then ossification moves out to ends
a band of cartilage is left between the 2 areas called an epiphyseal disk, which ossifies after puberty
When is ossification complete?
adulthood
How can an X ray show that long bone growth is complete?
an x ray will show the growth plates closed and fused
Describe the homeostasis fo bone tissue.
Bone tissue is constantly being dissolved and remodeled by osteoclasts and osteoblasts throughout an individual’s life
How is the fracture of a bone healed?
when bone breaks, a clot forms which then ossifies
over time, the ossified clot is smooth down and the bone returns to normal
What boens function primarily to provide support?
feet, legs, pelvis, and backbone
What boens function primarily to protect viscera?
ribs, sternum, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle
How do bones function with muscles to produce movement?
they function together as levers
Where are blood cells formed in the embryo? In the infant? In the adult?
In an embryo, blood cells are made in the yolk sac.
In infants, blood cells are made in spleen and liver
In adults, the bones
What is the difference between red and yellow marrow?
red marrow makes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
yellow marrow functions as fat storage
Describe a bone marrow transplant
Red marrow is removed from donor and then injected into blood stream of recipient
What are the major inorganic salts stored in bone? What other salts and heavy metals can also be stored in bone?
calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, carbonate
How is calcium released from bone so that it is available for physiiologic processes?
Osteoclasts break down bone, releasing the calcium into the blood
What is osteoporosis?
A thinning of the bones due to an excessive loss of bonen volume and mineral content
What are the two major divisions of the skeleton?
axial and appendicular
List the bones found in each of the major division
axial - skuill, vertebral column, hyoid, thoracic cage
appendicular - pectoral girdle, legs, arms, pelvic girdle
Describe the structure and function of a freely movable joint?
articulating bones surrounded by a ligaments with bursae in between many to shock absorb
freely movable joints are useful for their varied movements allowed and are versatile
