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chemistry > S3.2 - functional groups: classification of organic compounds > Flashcards

S3.2 - functional groups: classification of organic compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

What is empirical formula?

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2
Q

What is molecular formula?

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3
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What is structural formula?

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of structural formula?

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5
Q

What is a full structural formula?

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6
Q

What is a condensed structural formula?

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7
Q

What is stereochemical formula?

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8
Q

What are limitations of the molecular formula?

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9
Q

What is skeletal formula?

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10
Q

How can you find the number of hydrogen atoms attached?

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11
Q

What are aromatic compounds?

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12
Q

What is R?

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13
Q

What is unique about carbon and enables it to form more compounds than the sum of compounds formed by all the other elements?

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14
Q

What is catenation?

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15
Q

What are functional groups?

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16
Q

What does saturated and unsaturated mean?

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17
Q

What is a reaction pathway?

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18
Q

What makes up an amino acid?

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19
Q

What happens during a condensation reaction between amino acids?

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20
Q

What is the general formula, suffix name and name of functional group of alkanes?

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21
Q

What is the general formula, suffix name and name of functional group of alkenes?

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22
Q

What is the general formula, suffix name and name of functional group of alkynes?

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23
Q

What is the general formula, suffix name and name of functional group of alcohols?

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24
Q

What is the general formula, suffix name and name of functional group of ethers?

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25
Q

What is the general formula, suffix name and name of functional group of aldehydes?

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26
Q

What is the general formula, suffix name and name of functional group of ketones?

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27
Q

What is the general formula, suffix name and name of functional group of carboxylic acids?

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28
Q

What is the general formula, suffix name and name of functional group of esters?

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29
Q

What is the general formula, suffix name and name of functional group of amides?

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30
Q

What is the general formula, suffix name and name of functional group of amines?

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31
Q

What is the general formula, suffix name and name of functional group of halogeneoalkanes?

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32
Q

What is the general formula, suffix name and name of functional group of arenes?

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33
Q

What do functional groups influences?

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34
Q

What is a homologous series?

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35
Q

What are trends in boiling points of homologous series?

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36
Q

Which IMF is affected?

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37
Q

How can functional groups affect volatility?

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38
Q

How can functional groups affect the type of IMF present?

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39
Q

What do successive homologous series differ by?

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40
Q

What is the order of functional groups from most to least volatile?

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41
Q

What is the IUPAC nomenclature?

A

set of rules used by the International Union of Applied Chemistry to apply systematic names to organic and inorganic compounds

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42
Q

What are the steps in naming compounds?

A
  1. Identify the stem - longest straight chain of carbon
  2. Identify the functional group - determines the suffix (ane for alkanes)
  3. Identify side chains - determines the prefix (methyl for CH3)
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43
Q

How are esters formed?

A

Alkyl group of an alcohol replaces the hydrogen in a carboxylic acid in a condensation reaction

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44
Q

How are ethers formed?

A

Two alkyl groups joined by an oxygen atom

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45
Q

How do you name ethers?

A

Longer chain forms the stem and retains the alkane name (propane) and shorter chains is given the prefix alkoxy (methoxy for 1 carbon)

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46
Q

How do you name esters?

A

Salts take the stem of the name (ethyl) and the alcohol forms the suffix (propanoate)

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47
Q

What are the 3 possible parts of IUPAC nomenclature?

A
  1. Prefix - position, number and name of substituents
  2. Stem - number of carbon atoms in the longest chain
  3. Suffix - class of compound determined by functional group
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48
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

molecules that have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of the atoms so have different chemical and physical properties

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49
Q

What are the properties of branched structural isomers?

A

the more branching present, the lower the melting point due to reduced surface contact which weakens the strength of the LDF’s between neighboring molecules (instantaneous and induced dipoles)

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50
Q

What are the 4 types of structural isomers?

A
  • branched
  • unbranched
  • positional
  • functional group
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51
Q

How are branched structural isomers used within the industry?

A

branched chain isomers burn more smoothly in internal combustion engines
- factions with more branched chains are premium - higher octane number

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52
Q

What are positional structural isomers?

A

isomers with the same molecular formula and functional group, but in a different position

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53
Q

What are functional group structural isomers?

A

isomers with the same molecular formula but a different functional group

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54
Q

What are primary compounds?

A

the C attached to the OH group is attached to 1 other C atom

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55
Q

What are secondary compounds?

A

the C attached to the OH group is attached to 2 other C atoms

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56
Q

What are tertiary compounds?

A

the C attached to the OH group is attached to 3 other C atoms

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57
Q

Why are numbers assigned to ring positions of the substituted benzene?

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58
Q

What are stereoisomers?

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59
Q

What is isomerism?

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60
Q

What is a structural isomerism?

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61
Q

What is stereoisomerism?

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62
Q

What are the 2 types of stereoisomerism?

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63
Q

What is configurational isomerism?

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64
Q

What is conformational isomerism?

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65
Q

What are the 2 types of configurational isomerism?

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66
Q

What is cis-trans and isomerism?

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67
Q

What is optical isomerism?

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68
Q

Why can conformational isomers not be isolated seperately?

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69
Q

What molecules can cis-trans isomers occur with?

A
70
Q

Why can isomers rise from double-bonded molecules?

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71
Q

Why can isomers rise from cyclic molecules?

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72
Q

What is a chiral?

A
73
Q

What are alternate names for a chiral?

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74
Q

What are enantiomers?

A
75
Q

What does non-superimposable mean?

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76
Q

What are diastereomers?

A
77
Q

What is a polarizer?

A
78
Q

What is plane-polarized light?

A
79
Q

What is a polarimeter?

A
80
Q

What is an analyser?

A
81
Q

What does it mean to be optically active?

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82
Q

What is a racemic mixture?

A
83
Q

What does it mean to be optically inactive?

A
84
Q

How do 2 enantiomers of a chiral compound rotate?

A
85
Q

What is asymmetric synthesis?

A
86
Q

What are 3 types of analysis?

A
87
Q

What is qualitative analysis?

A
88
Q

What is quantitative analysis?

A
89
Q

What is structural analysis?

A
90
Q

What are 3 common instrumental methods of analysis?

A
91
Q

What is mass spectrometry?

A
92
Q

What does MS cause?

A
93
Q

How do you work out the molecular ion using a mass spectra?

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94
Q

When is a molecular ion formed?

A
95
Q

What are the charges of peaks in a mass spectra?

A
96
Q

What happens to radicals in MS?

A
97
Q

What is a fragmentation pattern?

A
98
Q

What is infrared spectroscopy?

A
99
Q

What are the relative numbers like for IR in terms of energy, wavelength and frequency?

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100
Q

What can be identified from IR spectra?

A
101
Q

What is wavelength?

A
102
Q

What is frequency?

A
103
Q

How do you calculate wave speed?

A
104
Q

What is wavenumber?

A
105
Q

How do you work out the frequency of a wave in terms of wavenumber (cm-1)?

A
106
Q

What are ER waves?

A
107
Q

How do radio waves interact with molecules?

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108
Q

How do micro waves interact with molecules?

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109
Q

How does infrared radiation interact with molecules?

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110
Q

How does visible light and UV interact with molecules?

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111
Q

How do x-rays interact with molecules?

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112
Q

What does the natural frequency of a chemical bond depend on?

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113
Q

What happens when molecules absorb IR?

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114
Q

When will a bond interact with IR?

A
115
Q

Which bonds are most common and why?

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116
Q

When will a bond in a diatomic molecule react?

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117
Q

What does a change in vibrational energy produce?

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118
Q

What does intensity of absorption depend on?

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119
Q

Why do symmetrical non-polar bonds in N—N and O–O no absorb radiation?

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120
Q

What is the difference between a simple or complex molecule when they vibrate?

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121
Q

What are the 3 fundamental frequencies of polyatomic atoms (water) ?

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122
Q

What are the 4 modes of vibration of symmetric linear molecules (CO2)?

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123
Q

What is a fingerprint region?

A
124
Q

What is the order of regions from high to low wavenumber?

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125
Q

What are examples of short-wave radiation?

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126
Q

What are examples of long-wave radiation?

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127
Q

What is the global warming potential?

A
128
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A
129
Q

What does the global warming potential depend on?

A
130
Q

How do you work out the structure of a compound?

A
131
Q

What is proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HNMR)?

A
132
Q

What is MRI?

A
133
Q

What is nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy?

A
134
Q

What 4 things can be deduced from NMR?

A
135
Q

How does HNMR show the different chemical environments?

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136
Q

What is a chemical shift?

A
137
Q

What is the link between chemical shifts and the position of the H atoms in a molecule?

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138
Q

What does the area under the curve depend on?

A
139
Q

What is an integrated trace?

A
140
Q

How can we determine the number of peaks caused by splitting?

A
141
Q

How is the intensity of peaks determined?

A
142
Q

What else should we consider when analyzing NMR?

A

chemistry (28 decks)

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