S3.1 Setting The Scene Anatomy

Question 1

What are the four layers of the gut from superficial to deep?

Answer 1

Serosa
Muscularis externa
Submucosa
Mucosa (MM, LP, Ep)

Question 2

What is an enterocyte?

Answer 2

The dominant cell of the intestines which absorbs via microvilli.

Question 3

What is a goblet cell and its function?

Answer 3

Found in between enterocytes, produce mucus.

Mucus lubricates food, protects epithelia against the acidic environment, and protects against bacteria

Question 4

How is the surface area of the gut increased for absorption?

Answer 4

Via villi and microvilli.

Question 5

What are stem cells?

Answer 5

Found in the bottom of intestinal crypts, migrate up the crypts and divide to replace damaged epithelia

Question 6

What are paneth cells?

Answer 6

Found in crypts, secrete antibacterial proteins which protect stem cells.

Question 7

What are enteroendocrine cells?

Answer 7

Secrete hormones that control the function of the gut: Gastrin, Cholecystokinin, Secretin

Question 8

What are the layers of the abdominal wall?

Answer 8

Skin, fascia, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, rectus abdomimis, transversailis fascia, peritoneum

Question 9

What is the rectus sheath?

Answer 9

Formed from the aponeurosis of the lateral muscles surrounding the rectus abdominis

Question 10

What is an aponeurosis?

Answer 10

A thin sheet like tendon found on ex/int oblique and transverse abdominis

Question 11

What is the arcuate line?

Answer 11

Located 1/2 way between the umbilicus and the pubic symphysis. Below the line, the rectus sheath is only anterior. Point at which inferior epigastric vessels pierce rectus abdominus.

Question 12

Describe what sensations are felt at the parietal and visceral peritoneum

Answer 12

Parietal - pressure, pain, temperature, laceration. Pain is well-localised.
Visceral - stretch and chemicals. Pain poorly-localised

Question 13

What are the sphincters of the GI tract?

Answer 13

Upper and lower oesophageal
Pyloric sphincter
Oddi – sphincter for the common bile and pancreatic ducts into the duodenum
Ileo-caecal valve
Anal- Internal and External

Question 14

What are the branches of the coeliac trunk?

Answer 14

Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery (which gives off right gastric and gastro-duodenal, then becomes proper hepatic)

Question 15

What are the branches of the SMA?

Answer 15

Iliocolic
Right colic - ascending colon
Middle colic - transverse colon

Question 16

What are the branches of the IMA?

Answer 16

Left colic

Enters pelvis and becomes superior rectal artery