S3) Anatomical Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomical position?

A

The human body standing in an upright position, eyes facing forward, feet parallel and close together, arms at the sides of the body with the palms facing forward

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2
Q

Differentiate between medial and lateral

A

- Medial refers to a location or position toward the midline

- Lateral refers to a location or position farther from the midline

E.g. the ulna is on the medial side of the forearm, and the radius is lateral to the ulna

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3
Q

Differentiate between anterior and posterior

A
  • Anterior refers to the front of the body / a position closer to the front
  • Posterior refers to the back of the body / a position more toward the back
  • E.g. the sternum is anterior on the chest wall, and the scapula is posterior*
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4
Q

What are synonyms for anterior and posterior?

A
  • Ventral is a synonym of anterior
  • Dorsal is a synonym of posterior
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5
Q

Differentiate between proximal and distal (used to describe locations on the extremities)

A

Distal means away from the trunk, and proximal means toward the trunk

E.g. The elbow is proximal to the wrist but distal to the shoulder

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6
Q

Differentiate between superior and inferior

A
  • Superior indicates a body part that is above another or refers to the upper surface of an organ or a structure
  • Inferior indicates that a body part is below another or refers to the lower surface of an organ or a structure
  • E.g. the body of the sternum is superior to the xiphoid process but inferior to the manubrium*
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7
Q

What are the synonyms for superior and inferior?

A
  • Cranial refers to a position or structure close to the head
  • Caudal refers to a position or structure close to the feet
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8
Q

Differentiate between superficial and deep

A

A structure may be described as superficial or deep, depending on its relative depth

E.g. the scalp being described as superficial to the skull

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9
Q

Supine and prone are terms that describe body position while lying flat.

Distinguish between them

A
  • When supine, a person is lying straight, with the face, or anterior surface, pointed upward
  • When prone, a person is lying is horizontally, with the face, or anterior surface, pointed downward
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10
Q

Distinguish between unilateral and bilateral

A
  • Unilateral refers to one side

- Bilateral refers to two/both sides

E.g. bilateral above-knee amputations refer to both right and left legs being amputated above the knee

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11
Q

Distinguish between contralateral and ipsilateral

A

- Contralateral refers to the opposite side

  • E.g. a stroke affecting the right side of the brain may lead to contralateral paralysis of the left arm and left leg*
  • Ipsilateral refers to the same side of the body
  • E.g. A tumour in the left lung will often metastasise to the ipsilateral lymph node on the patient’s body*
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12
Q

Identify and describe the 5 different segments of the body

A
  • The Head (skull)
  • The Neck (cervical vertebrae)
  • The Trunk (thorax & abdomen)
  • Lower Extremity (thigh, leg & foot)
  • Upper Extremity (arm, forearm & hand)
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13
Q

Describe the movements of flexion, extension and hyperextension

A
  • Flexion is the bending movement of one bone on another, decreasing the joint angle
  • Extension is the straightening movement of one bone away from another, increasing the joint angle
  • Hyperextension is the continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position
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14
Q

Identify 4 parts of the body which can hyperextend

A
  • Shoulder
  • Hip
  • Neck
  • Trunk
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15
Q

Describe the movements of flexion and extension at the ankle and wrist

A
  • Palmar flexion is flexion at the wrist

- Plantar flexion is flexion at the ankle

  • Dorsiflexion is extension at the wrist and ankle joints
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16
Q

Describe the movements of abduction and adduction

A
  • Abduction is movement away from the midline of the body

- Adduction is movement toward the midline of the body

17
Q

Describe the movements of radial and ulnar deviation

A
  • Radial deviation is when the hand moves laterally, toward the thumb side (wrist abduction)
  • Ulnar deviation is when the hand moves medially, toward the little finger side (wrist adduction)
18
Q

Describe the movement of circumduction

A
  • Circumduction is motion that describes a circular, cone-shaped pattern
  • It involves a combination of four joint motions: flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction
19
Q

Describe the movements of lateral and medial rotation

A
  • Medial rotation is when the anterior surface rotates inward, toward the midline (internal rotation)
  • Lateral rotation is when the anterior surface rotates outward, away from the midline (external rotation)
20
Q

Describe the movements of supination and pronation

A

Rotation of the forearm is referred to as supination and pronation:

  • Supination is when the forearm rotates anteriorly with the palm of the hand forward
  • Pronation is when the forearm rotates posteriorly with the palm of the hand backward
21
Q

Distinguish between the movements of inversion and eversion

A

- Inversion is the inward movement of the sole of the foot at the ankle

- Eversion is the outward movement of the sole of the foot at the ankle

22
Q

Distinguish between the movements of protraction and retraction

A
  • Protraction is mostly a linear movement along a plane parallel to the ground and away from the midline

- Retraction is mostly a linear movement in the same plane but toward the midline

23
Q

Distinguish between the movements of adduction and abduction in the hand

A
24
Q

Distinguish between the movements of flexion and extension of the thumb

A
25
Q

Distinguish between the movements of opposition and reposition in the hand

A
26
Q

Distinguish between the coronal, sagittal and transverse planes

A