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Year 1 Semester 1 Body Logistics > S11) The Endocrine System > Flashcards

S11) The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Distinguish between the parasympathetic and sympathetic actions in terms of the following:

  • Eye
  • Salivary glands
  • Heart
  • Lung
  • Intestines
  • Kidneys / Gallbladder
  • Bladder
  • Rectum
A
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2
Q

What is endocrine communication?

A

Endocrine communication involves endocrine cells producing hormones which travel through the blood to reach all parts of the body

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3
Q

What is neuroendocrine communication?

A

Neuroendocrine communication involves neurosecretory cells releasing neurohormones which travel via the circulation to distant target cells​ e.g. hypothalamus, posterior pituitary and adrenal medulla

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4
Q

What are the organs of interest in the endocrine system?

A
  • Liver
  • Stomach
  • Duodenum
  • Pancreas
  • Kidney
  • Adrenal glands
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5
Q

Identify the hormones secreted from the following organs:

  • Liver
  • Kidney
  • Duodenum
A
  • Liver: angiotensin, IGF, thrombopoietin
  • Kidney: renin, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin
  • Duodenum: secretin, CCK
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6
Q

Identify the hormones secreted from the following organs:

  • Pancreas
  • Stomach
A
  • Pancreas: insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
  • Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin, somatostatin, histamine
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7
Q

Identify the hormones secreted from different parts of the adrenal glands

A
  • Adrenal medulla: adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine
  • Adrenal cortex: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids
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8
Q

What are the main functions of hormones?

A
  • Reproduction
  • Metabolism and energy balance
  • Growth and development
  • Body defences
  • General homeostasis (water, nutrient, electrolyte balance)
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9
Q

Distinguish between hormone action on cell surface receptors and intracellular receptors

A
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10
Q

Describe the synthesis, storage, transport, receptor, response of peptide hormones

A
  • Synthesis: made in advance
  • Storage: stored in secretory vesicles
  • Transport: dissolved in plasma

- Receptor: cell surface receptor

- Response to receptor-ligand binding: activation of secondary messenger systems

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11
Q

Provide some examples of peptide hormones

A
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
  • PTH
  • ACTH
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12
Q

Describe the synthesis, storage, transport, receptor, response of catecholamines (amino-acid derived hormones)

A
  • Synthesis: made in advance
  • Storage: stored in secretory vesicles
  • Transport: dissolved in plasma
  • Receptor: cell surface receptor
  • Response to receptor-ligand binding: activation of secondary messenger systems
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13
Q

Provide some examples of catecholamines (amino-acid derived hormones)

A
  • Adrenaline
  • Noradrenaline
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14
Q

Describe the synthesis, transport, receptor, response of steroid hormones

A
  • Synthesis: made on demand
  • Transport: bound to carrier proteins
  • Receptor: intracellular receptor (cytoplasm / nucleus)
  • Response to receptor-ligand binding: activation of genes for transcription & translation
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15
Q

Provide some examples of the steroid hormones

A
  • Oestrogen
  • Aldosterone
  • Cortisol
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16
Q

Describe the synthesis, storage, transport, receptor, response and examples of thyroid hormones

A
  • Synthesis: made in advance
  • Storage: precursor stored in secretory vesicles
  • Transport: bound to carrier proteins
  • Receptor: intracellular receptor (nucleus)
  • Response to receptor-ligand binding: activation of genes for transcription & translation
17
Q

Provide some examples of thyroid hormones (amino-acid derived hormones)

A
  • Thyroxine
  • T4
18
Q

Identify some processes that the hypothalamus facilitates

A
  • Thermoregulation (sweating, shivering)
  • HR & BP
  • Feeding & satiety
  • Circadian rhythms
  • Lactation
19
Q

Describe the surface anatomy of the pituitary gland

A

The pituitary is divided into two lobes:

  • Anterior pituitary
  • Posterior pituitary
20
Q

Discuss the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system and the hormones involved

A
  • Anterior pituitary – 4 stimulatory and 2 inhibitory hormones travel via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
  • Posterior pituitary – ADH and oxytocin travel from the hypothalamus
21
Q

What is stress?

A

Stress is commonly defined as a state of real or perceived threat to homeostasis

22
Q

What is the stress response?

A

The stress response is the complex range of responses involving the endocrine, nervous and immune systems to maintain homeostasis in the presence of aversive stimuli (stressors)

23
Q

What are the main effectors of the stress response?

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Anterior pituitary gland
  • Adrenal gland
24
Q

What are the physiological adaptations of the stress response?

A
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Increased respiratory rate
  • Increased blood glucose
  • Inhibition of general vegetative functions (feeding, digestion, growth, reproduction, immunity)
25
Q

What are the behavioural adaptations of the stress response?

A
  • Increased awareness
  • Improved cognition
  • Euphoria
  • Enhanced analgesia
26
Q

The short-term stress response is stimulated by the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla.

Describe the effects of this

A
  • Increased BP, HR, RR
  • Increased blood glucose (glycogen broken down)
  • Increased metabolic rate
  • Increased alertness
  • Decreased vegative functions
27
Q

The long term stress response is stimulated by mineralocorticoid / glucocorticoid release.

Describe the effects of mineralocorticoid release

A
  • Retention Na+ and H2O by the kidneys
  • Increased blood volume and blood presure
28
Q

The long term stress response is stimulated by mineralocorticoid / glucocorticoid release.

Describe the effects of glucocorticoid release

A
  • Conversion of proteins and fats to glucose / broken down for energy
  • Increased blood sugar
  • Immune system suppression
29
Q

What are the adrenal cortical hormones?

A
  • Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
30
Q

Adrenal cortical hormone secretion is controlled through the HPA axis.

Outline this

A
31
Q

What are chromaffin cells and where are they found?

A

Chromaffin cells are epithelioid cells & modified neurons which are found in the central portion of the adrenal gland (the medulla)

32
Q

What do chromaffin cells do?

A

- Chromaffin cells respond to nerve impulses carried by presynaptic sympathetic nerve fibres by releasing their secretory products of noradrenaline and adrenaline

  • Therefore, chromaffin cells are considered the equivalent of postsynaptic neurons
33
Q

Thyroid hormone secretion is controlled via the HPT axis.

Outline this

A
34
Q

Describe the structure and function of the pineal gland

A
  • Structure: midline structure in the brain
  • Function: produces melatonin
35
Q

Melatonin is involved in control of circadian rhythm.

Describe its control & neuronal pathway

A
  • The neuronal pathway is from retina → hypothalamus → pineal gland
  • Light exposure inhibits melatonin release

Year 1 Semester 1 Body Logistics (19 decks)

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