S2_L3: Cognitive Disorders Flashcards by MindMed Official

Capacity to attend to relevant information during the activity and maintain a consistent response. It is the ability to focus on one specific task for a continuous amount of time without getting distracted.
A. Sustained attention
B. Focused attention
C. Divided attention
D. Alternating attention

A. Sustained attention

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Capacity to attend to a task despite environmental distractions. Example: you are in a busy restaurant with many distractions, but you are still able to focus on one person and converse with the
person.
A. Sustained attention
B. Focused attention
C. Divided attention
D. Alternating attention

B. Focused attention

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Capacity to respond simultaneously to two or more tasks when all stimuli are relevant. Often referred to as multitasking.
A. Sustained attention
B. Focused attention
C. Divided attention
D. Alternating attention

C. Divided attention

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Capacity to move flexibly between tasks and respond appropriately to the demands of each task. There are two different tasks and you can focus on the task first; able to switch from one task to another.
A. Sustained attention
B. Focused attention
C. Divided attention
D. Alternating attention

D. Alternating attention

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Tasks are done simultaneously and the individual can give the tasks the same degree of focus
A. Sustained attention
B. Focused attention
C. Divided attention
D. Alternating attention

C. Divided attention

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Most common type of dementia
A. Vascular Dementia
B. Alzheimer’s disease
C. Lewy body dementia
D. Frontotemporal dementia

B. Alzheimer’s disease

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3rd most common cause of dementia
A. Vascular Dementia
B. Alzheimer’s disease
C. Lewy body dementia
D. Frontotemporal dementia

C. Lewy body dementia

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Progressive dementia that leads to a decline in thinking, reasoning, and independent functioning due to
abnormal deposits that damage brain cells over time. The presence of Lewy bodies within the brain’s nerve cells causes problems not just in the cognitive domain
but also in movement disorders.
A. Vascular Dementia
B. Alzheimer’s disease
C. Lewy body dementia
D. Frontotemporal dementia

C. Lewy body dementia

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Progressive nerve cell loss in the brain’s frontal lobes or temporal lobes. It results in difficulty comprehending language and most often leads to changes in personality and behavior due to its affected part.
A. Vascular Dementia
B. Alzheimer’s disease
C. Lewy body dementia
D. Frontotemporal dementia

D. Frontotemporal dementia

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Commonly linked with stroke and other brain injuries that
specifically affect the vascular patency of the brain
A. Vascular Dementia
B. Alzheimer’s disease
C. Lewy body dementia
D. Frontotemporal dementia

A. Vascular Dementia

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Decline in thinking skills caused by conditions that block or reduce blood flow to regions of the brain
A. Vascular Dementia
B. Alzheimer’s disease
C. Lewy body dementia
D. Frontotemporal dementia

A. Vascular Dementia

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Signs and Symptoms: Confusion, Disorientation, Aphasia, Apraxia, and Balance problems
A. Vascular Dementia
B. Alzheimer’s disease
C. Lewy body dementia
D. Frontotemporal dementia

A. Vascular Dementia

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Progressive neurological disorder that results in deterioration and irreversible damage within the cerebral cortex
A. Vascular Dementia
B. Alzheimer’s disease
C. Lewy body dementia
D. Frontotemporal dementia

B. Alzheimer’s disease

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The most significant risk factor for incurring this condition is increase in age
A. Vascular Dementia
B. Alzheimer’s disease
C. Lewy body dementia
D. Frontotemporal dementia

B. Alzheimer’s disease

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Signs and symptoms: Difficulty with concentration and attention, Extreme confusion, Changes in thinking and reasoning, Slowness, and Gait imbalance
A. Vascular Dementia
B. Alzheimer’s disease
C. Lewy body dementia
D. Frontotemporal dementia

C. Lewy body dementia

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Could lead to difficulty in reasoning, judgment, organization and planning; fixed mood and behavior, personality changes, distractibility and impulsiveness, difficulty in recognition of objects, and difficulty in understanding or expressing language
A. Vascular Dementia
B. Alzheimer’s disease
C. Lewy body dementia
D. Frontotemporal dementia

D. Frontotemporal dementia

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Exact etiology is unknown but hypothesized to be caused
by low levels of neurotransmitters, higher levels of aluminum within brain tissue, abnormal processing of amyloid, and autoimmune disease
A. Vascular Dementia
B. Alzheimer’s disease
C. Lewy body dementia
D. Frontotemporal dementia

B. Alzheimer’s disease

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Normally during the course of the condition, patients will have problems with immediate and short term memory. As it progresses, the variety of the cognitive domain affectation will be widespread.
A. Vascular Dementia
B. Alzheimer’s disease
C. Lewy body dementia
D. Frontotemporal dementia

B. Alzheimer’s disease

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It may look like vagueness in everyday conversations, taking longer to do routine tasks, forgetting well-known people or places, inability to process questions and instructions, and deterioration of social skills
A. Vascular Dementia
B. Alzheimer’s disease
C. Lewy body dementia
D. Frontotemporal dementia

B. Alzheimer’s disease

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It could look like confusion and alertness that varies significantly
from one time of the day to another, sleep disturbances, and difficulties judging distances resulting to falls
A. Vascular Dementia
B. Alzheimer’s disease
C. Lewy body dementia
D. Frontotemporal dementia

C. Lewy body dementia

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It could look like unable to adapt to new situations and appearing
selfish, apathy or lack of motivation, exhibiting embarrassing behaviors not usually done, and changes in eating patterns
A. Vascular Dementia
B. Alzheimer’s disease
C. Lewy body dementia
D. Frontotemporal dementia

D. Frontotemporal dementia

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Cause is still unknown and unclear,
it may be the alcohol that has a direct impact on cognitive domains. It may also be due to a lack of thiamine or vit. B1.
A. Vascular Dementia
B. Alcohol-related dementia
C. Parkinson’s dementia
D. Frontotemporal dementia

B. Alcohol-related dementia

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Decline in reasoning and thinking that develops in people living with Parkinson’s disease a year after diagnosis. Initially presents with motor impairments associated with Parkinson’s disease (4 cardinal manifestations).
A. Vascular Dementia
B. Alcohol-related dementia
C. Parkinson’s dementia
D. Frontotemporal dementia

C. Parkinson’s dementia

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Brief screening tool that quantitatively assesses cognitive impairment and record cognitive changes over time
A. Mini Mental State Examination
B. Montreal Cognitive Assessment
C. Both
D. Neither

A. Mini Mental State Examination

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Part of a full evaluation for dementia A. Mini Mental State Examination B. Montreal Cognitive Assessment C. Both D. Neither

A. Mini Mental State Examination

Rapid screen of cognitive abilities designed to detect mild cognitive deficits A. Mini Mental State Examination B. Montreal Cognitive Assessment C. Both D. Neither

B. Montreal Cognitive Assessment

Total of 30 points A. Mini Mental State Examination B. Montreal Cognitive Assessment C. Both D. Neither

C. Both

General term for the impaired ability to remember, think, or make decisions that interferes with performance of everyday tasks. This includes impairment of memory and cognitive domains.

Dementia Additional: It could look like 1. Forgetting old memories, name of close family members 2. Unable to complete tasks independently 3. Using unusual words to refer to familiar objects 4. Getting lost in a familiar neighborhood

Presents with signs and symptoms that are not part of the common aging process and usually affects adults 65 years old and above.

Dementia

Area affected: Dominant parietal lobe A. Ideomotor Apraxia B. Ideational Apraxia C. Buccofacial Apraxia

B. Ideational Apraxia

Pt was presented with a water bottle and was asked to pour water into the glass. Pt tried to pour water without untwisting the bottle cap. A. Ideomotor Apraxia B. Ideational Apraxia C. Buccofacial Apraxia

B. Ideational Apraxia

Areas affected: Left dominant hemisphere, Frontal lesions, and Posterior parietal lesions A. Ideomotor Apraxia B. Ideational Apraxia C. Buccofacial Apraxia

A. Ideomotor Apraxia

Areas affected: Frontal lobe, Central opercular, Anterior insula, and First temporal gyrus A. Ideomotor Apraxia B. Ideational Apraxia C. Buccofacial Apraxia

C. Buccofacial Apraxia

A subtype of ideomotor apraxia where individual has difficulties with performing purposeful movements with the lips, tongue, cheeks, larynx, and pharynx on command. Example: Asked to blow a kiss but cannot do it. However, they can perform the activity when kissing their spouse goodbye. A. Ideomotor Apraxia B. Ideational Apraxia C. Buccofacial Apraxia

C. Buccofacial Apraxia AKA oral apraxia

Assessed by asking the individual to get an object with a particular shape, but they grabbed another object with the same form but has a subtle difference from the object being asked.

Form discrimination

Inability to recognize colors where colors have lost meaning. The individual may know the color but cannot associate the color with an object. A. Visual agnosia B. Simultagnosia C. Color agnosia D. Prosopagnosia E. Tactile agnosia

C. Color agnosia Note: Color agnosia is different from color blindness.

Failure to recognize familiar specific objects with the vision occluded. For example, the individual was asked to get chapstick from their purse without looking, and they could not look for it. A. Visual agnosia B. Simultagnosia C. Color agnosia D. Prosopagnosia E. Tactile agnosia

E. Tactile agnosia NOTE: Stereognosis is not the same as tactile agnosia. Stereognosis is assessed by asking the individual to look for an object with a certain shape (e.g. cylindrical, circular)

Inability to recognize forms by handling them, although tactile, proprioceptive and thermal sensations may be intact A. Visual agnosia B. Simultagnosia C. Color agnosia D. Prosopagnosia E. Tactile agnosia

E. Tactile agnosia Note: Tactile agnosia is aka astereognosis

Inability to recognize familiar objects despite the normal function of the eyes and optic tracts (intact vision). The individual can immediately recognize things with the use of other sensations. A. Visual agnosia B. Simultagnosia C. Color agnosia D. Prosopagnosia E. Tactile agnosia

A. Visual agnosia

Most common form of agnosia A. Visual agnosia B. Simultagnosia C. Color agnosia D. Prosopagnosia E. Tactile agnosia

A. Visual agnosia

Inability to recognize familiar faces that is usually accompanied by visual field impairments. The individual can only recognize others through voice. A. Visual agnosia B. Simultagnosia C. Color agnosia D. Prosopagnosia E. Tactile agnosia

D. Prosopagnosia

A cardinal symptom of Balint syndrome. Inability to perceive the visual stimulus as a whole, e.g., was asked to describe the whole picture but cannot do so. A. Visual agnosia B. Simultagnosia C. Color agnosia D. Prosopagnosia E. Tactile agnosia

B. Simultagnosia

Area affected: Dominant parietal lobe A. Anosognosia B. Somatoagnosia C. Right-left discrimination D. Finger agnosia

B. Somatoagnosia -AKA body agnosia or autopagnosia

Area affected: Parietal lobe of either hemisphere A. Anosognosia B. Somatoagnosia C. Right-left discrimination D. Finger agnosia

C. Right-left discrimination

Area affected: Parietal lobe (angular gyrus of the Left hemisphere) A. Anosognosia B. Somatoagnosia C. Right-left discrimination D. Finger agnosia

D. Finger agnosia

Area affected: Supramarginal gyrus A. Anosognosia B. Somatoagnosia C. Right-left discrimination D. Finger agnosia

A. Anosognosia

Area affected: Parieto-temporo-occipital region (Posterior association areas) of nondominant lobe A. Form discrimination B. Spatial relations disorder C. Position in space D. Figure-ground discrimination

A. Form discrimination

Areas affected: Inferior parietal lobe & Parieto-occipital-temporal junction, usually the right side A. Form discrimination B. Spatial relations disorder C. Position in space D. Figure-ground discrimination

B. Spatial relations disorder

Area affected: Parieto-occipital lesions of the right hemisphere A. Form discrimination B. Spatial relations disorder C. Position in space D. Figure-ground discrimination

D. Figure-ground discrimination

Area affected: Non-dominant parietal lobe A. Form discrimination B. Spatial relations disorder C. Position in space D. Figure-ground discrimination

C. Position in space

Area affected: Right retrosplenial cortex (Brodmann’s area 30 compromised in most patients) & Bilateral parietal lesions A. Form discrimination B. Topographical disorientation C. Vertical disorientation D. Depth and distance perception

B. Topographical disorientation

Area affected: Posterior right hemisphere in the superior visual association cortices A. Form discrimination B. Topographical disorientation C. Vertical disorientation D. Depth and distance perception

D. Depth and distance perception

Area affected: Non-dominant parietal lobe A. Form discrimination B. Topographical disorientation C. Vertical disorientation D. Depth and distance perception

C. Vertical disorientation

Area affected: Occipito-temporo-parietal association areas A. Visual agnosia B. Auditory agnosia C. Unilateral neglect D. Tactile agnosia

A. Visual agnosia

Area affected: Dominant temporal lobe A. Visual agnosia B. Auditory agnosia C. Unilateral neglect D. Tactile agnosia

B. Auditory agnosia

Area affected: Parieto-temporo-occipital lobe (posterior association areas) of either hemisphere A. Visual agnosia B. Auditory agnosia C. Unilateral neglect D. Tactile agnosia

D. Tactile agnosia

Area affected: Inferior-posterior regions of parietal lobe A. Visual agnosia B. Auditory agnosia C. Unilateral neglect D. Tactile agnosia

C. Unilateral neglect

visual and mental image of one’s body that includes feelings about one’s body, especially in relation to health and disease A. Body image B. Body scheme C. Body awareness

A. Body image

postural model of the body; refers to the relationship of the body parts to each other and the relationship of the body to the environment A. Body image B. Body scheme C. Body awareness

B. Body scheme

derived from the integration of tactile, proprioceptive, and interoceptive (visceral) sensations, in addition to the individual’s subjective feelings about the body A. Body image B. Body scheme C. Body awareness

C. Body awareness Source: O' Sullivan, 6th ed

The capacity to determine what you need to do and what you want to do; encompasses goal planning and task initiation, self-awareness, awareness of the environment, and social awareness. A. Volition B. Planning C. Purposive action D. Effective performance

A. Volition

The ability to identify and organize steps needed to achieve a certain goal; it involves weighing alternatives and making choices. A. Volition B. Planning C. Purposive action D. Effective performance

B. Planning

It includes productivity and self regulation, which encompasses the ability to initiate, to maintain, to switch, and to stop certain complex actions that you’re performing. A. Volition B. Planning C. Purposive action D. Effective performance

C. Purposive action

The capacity for quality control, such as the ability to self–monitor and self-correct one’s behavior. A. Volition B. Planning C. Purposive action D. Effective performance

D. Effective performance

Neglect of the area of space beyond arm length A. Personal unilateral neglect B. Peripersonal unilateral neglect C. Extrapersonal unilateral neglect

C. Extrapersonal unilateral neglect

Neglect of the area of space within arm distance A. Personal unilateral neglect B. Peripersonal unilateral neglect C. Extrapersonal unilateral neglect

B. Peripersonal unilateral neglect

Failure to acknowledge stimuli on the contralateral side of the body A. Personal unilateral neglect B. Peripersonal unilateral neglect C. Extrapersonal unilateral neglect

A. Personal unilateral neglect

Failure to respond to a stimulus when a person is aware of it, that is, not due to weakness of spasticity A. Motor unilateral neglect B. Sensory unilateral neglect C. Spatial unilateral neglect

A. Motor unilateral neglect

Failure to acknowledge stimuli in the contralateral side of space A. Motor unilateral neglect B. Sensory unilateral neglect C. Spatial unilateral neglect

C. Spatial unilateral neglect

Refers to a deficit in awareness of contralateral stimuli A. Motor unilateral neglect B. Sensory unilateral neglect C. Spatial unilateral neglect

B. Sensory unilateral neglect

Areas affected: Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Occipital Lobe & Limbic System A. Memory B. Attention C. Executive functions

A. Memory Note: When memory, attention, or executive function is affected, problems arise from widespread areas of the brain instead of discrete or focal areas only.

Areas affected: Reticular Formation, Sensory Systems, Limbic System, and Frontal Regions A. Memory B. Attention C. Executive functions

B. Attention

Areas affected: Frontal cortex, Prefrontal cortex, Cortical areas, and Subcortical areas A. Memory B. Attention C. Executive functions

C. Executive functions

Planning, manipulating information, problem solving, recognizing errors, and abstract thinking; higher-order cognitive functions A. Sensation B. Perception C. Cognition D. Metacognitive / Executive functions

D. Metacognitive / Executive functions

Ability to process, sort, retrieve and interpret information. The method commonly used by the CNS to process information. A. Sensation B. Perception C. Cognition D. Metacognitive / Executive functions

C. Cognition Additional: Cognition is the act or process of knowing. It includes awareness, reasoning, judgment, intuition, and memory.

Ability to process and interpret sensory information accurately and respond appropriately. Integration of sensory impressions into information that is psychologically meaningful. A. Sensation B. Perception C. Cognition D. Metacognitive / Executive functions

B. Perception

TRUE OR FALSE: Physical therapists are usually the first member/s of the team to see a pt. with brain injury. They should be able to recognize the presence of perceptual-cognitive dysfunction/s and refer appropriately.

True

Refers to professionals who are specially trained to examine and treat perceptual-cognitive deficits in relation to functional adaptation

Occupational therapists

Cut-off score of Mini Mental State Examination

24 Additional: For those with at least 8 years of education, a score of 24 and below is positive for possible dementia diagnosis.

Score in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment that indicates normal (no mild cognitive impairment

≥ 26 out of 30 points

MMSE Score ranging from 0-17 indicates ___ cognitive impairment

Severe

MMSE Score ranging from 18-23 indicates ___ cognitive impairment

Mild

MMSE Score ranging from 24-30 indicates ___ cognitive impairment

Refers to the peripheral cutaneous system (e.g. temperature, taste, touch) and internal receptors (e.g. deep receptors in muscles & joints). It is the appreciation or awareness of stimuli through the organs of the special senses such as the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, & skin. A. Sensation B. Perception C. Cognition D. Metacognitive / Executive functions

A. Sensation

TRUE OR FALSE: The triad of Balint syndrome comprises simultagnosia, optic ataxia, and oculomotor apraxia.

True

Inability to recognize nonspeech sounds or to discriminate between them. For example, the individual can't distinguish the chirping of a bird from the honking of a car.

Auditory agnosia

Inability to perceive and to interpret spatial concepts such as up, down, under, over, in, out, in front of and behind A. Form discrimination B. Figure-ground discrimination C. Position in space D. Spatial relations disorder

C. Position in space

Pt is asked what time it is, and they can’t identify it on an analog clock because he can’t make sense of the relationship between the hands of the clock and its base A. Form discrimination B. Figure-ground discrimination C. Position in space D. Spatial relations disorder

D. Spatial relations disorder

Pt cannot locate buttons on shirt with like colors and cannot tell when one step ends and another begins in a flight of stairs. A. Form discrimination B. Figure-ground discrimination C. Position in space D. Spatial relations disorder

B. Figure-ground discrimination