S.2.1 Flashcards
What is the ionic model?
A model that explains ionic bonding through the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
What is lattice enthalpy?
A measure of the strength of the ionic bond in a crystal lattice.
What is the relationship between ionic charge and lattice enthalpy?
Ionic charge = ionic attraction = lattice enthalpy.
How does ionic radius affect lattice enthalpy?
A larger ionic radius results in lower attraction of ions and lower lattice enthalpy.
Which ions have greater lattice enthalpy?
Ions with larger charge density due to their smaller radius.
What are the physical properties of ionic compounds?
High melting points, high boiling points, and low volatility.
True or False: Ionic compounds can dissolve in polar liquids.
True.
Fill in the blank: The tendency of a substance to vaporize is known as _______.
volatility.
What suffix is used to finish the names of ions?
-ide.
What must be true about the charges of cations and anions in a salt?
The charges of cation and anion should cancel each other out.
What is the effective nuclear charge experienced by outer electrons?
Less than the full nuclear charge due to the shielding effect.
What is the shielding effect?
Inner electrons reduce the attraction between the positively charged nucleus and outermost electrons.
How does the number of protons relate to the number of electrons in an atom?
Atoms are electrically neutral; the number of protons equals the number of electrons.
What occurs when oppositely charged ions meet?
They are pulled together by electrostatic attraction.
What is a polyatomic ion?
A molecule with a charge.
Define effective charge.
The net positive charge experienced by an electron, which is less than the full nuclear charge.
What is the ionization energy trend between metals and non-metals?
Metals form +ions and have low ionization energies; non-metals form -ions and have high ionization energies.
What does the ionic model assume about the structure of crystals?
That crystals are made up of spherical ions.
What is the significance of the effective nuclear charge in ionic compounds?
It influences the size of ions and their ability to form bonds.
What is the formula to calculate lattice enthalpy?
ΔHlattice | = k Q1Q2/ro
What is the typical charge of sodium in ionic compounds?
+1.
What is the typical charge of chlorine in ionic compounds?
-1.
What type of reactions occur between elements that are furthest apart in the periodic table?
More vigorous reactions occur between elements that are furthest apart in the periodic table.
What leads to greater ionic attraction?
Greater ionic charge leads to greater ionic attraction.
What are ionization energies?
Ionization energies are the energy required to remove an atom.
What happens to successive ionization energy after the first?
Successive ionization energy needed to remove every electron after the first increases.
Why do ionization energies increase?
Energies increase because removing an atom makes it more positively charged, so the remaining electrons are held more tightly by the nucleus.
What causes large jumps within ionization energies?
Large jumps occur because electrons are removed from more stable inner energy levels.
What is the maximum oxidation state?
The maximum oxidation state is the number of electrons an atom can reasonably lose.
What does oxidation state represent?
Oxidation state is the number that represents how many electrons the atom has gained, lost, or shared.
When do you need to add Roman numerals to element names?
You need to add Roman numerals when an element has more than one common oxidation state.
What is the characteristic of ionic compounds?
Ionic compounds are electrically neutral.
What are polyatomic ions?
Polyatomic ions are made up of more than one atom which together have gained or lost an electron.
What is the formula for nitrate?
The formula for nitrate is NO3-.
What is the formula for sulfate?
The formula for sulfate is SO4^2-.
What is the formula for phosphate?
The formula for phosphate is PO4^3-.
What is the formula for hydroxide?
The formula for hydroxide is OH-.
What is the formula for hydrogen carbonate?
The formula for hydrogen carbonate is HCO3-.
What is the formula for carbonate?
The formula for carbonate is CO3^2-.
What is the formula for ammonium?
The formula for ammonium is NH4+.
What are some examples of acids?
Examples of acids include HNO3 (aq), H2SO4 (aq), H3PO4 (aq), H2O (l), H2CO3 (aq), HCl (aq).
What type of bonding occurs within polyatomic ions?
Bonding within the polyatomic ion is covalent.
What structure do ionic compounds have?
Ionic compounds have a lattice structure.
What do formulas of ionic compounds represent?
Formulas are ratios of ions present.
What are physical properties?
Physical properties are those that can be observed without chemically altering the substance.
What is lattice enthalpy?
Lattice enthalpy is used as a measure of the strength of the ionic bond.
What does a positive enthalpy change indicate?
A positive enthalpy change indicates that energy is needed to separate the ions.
What factors affect lattice enthalpy?
Factors affecting lattice enthalpy include ionic charges and ionic radii.
How do ionic charges affect lattice enthalpy?
Higher ionic charges lead to higher lattice enthalpy.
How do ionic radii affect lattice enthalpy?
Larger ionic radii lead to lower lattice enthalpy.
What happens when ions separate from a lattice?
As ions separate from a lattice, they become surrounded by water molecules.
In what type of liquids are ionic compounds soluble?
Ionic compounds are soluble in polar liquids.
What is the conductivity of ionic compounds in liquid and gaseous states?
Ionic compounds have high conductivity in the liquid and gaseous states.
What happens to ionic compounds when force is applied?
When force is applied, ions of the same charge positioned next to each other cause repulsion, leading to the lattice splitting.
What is a stereoisomer?
Compounds made of the same elements but with different spatial arrangements.
