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Biology > S2 Summary > Flashcards

S2 Summary Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an organ?

A

part of an organism that carries out specific functions.

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2
Q

What does a system consist of?

A

several organs working together to perform coordinated functions for the body.

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3
Q

Name 10 bones.

A

Look at diagram.

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4
Q

What is the skeleton involved in?

A

support, protection and muscle attachment.

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5
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A tendon connects muscle to bone at a joint and moves the bone. (look at diagram)

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6
Q

What is a ligament?

A

A ligament connects bone to bone at a joint and helps hold structures together. (look at diagram)

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7
Q

Correctly identify examples of ball and socket synovial joint and hinge synovial joint.

A

Look at diagram.

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8
Q

How do muscles work in antagonistic pairs?

A

While one muscle relaxes, one contracts which pulls on the tendon, which in turn pulls on the bone, this causes the bone to move. As one relaxes and gets longer, one contracts and gets shorter.

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9
Q

Where would you find a ball and socket joint?

A

Shoulder joint and hip joint.

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10
Q

Where would you find a hinge joint?

A

Knee joint and elbow joint.

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11
Q

What does the central nervous system do?

A

It coordinates information from the sensory organs to control the behaviour of the organism. (so that you behave in a sensible way)

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12
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

What are the sensory organs?

A

Nose, eyes, skin, tongue, ears

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14
Q

How do the eyes work?

A

The eyes work by converting light to an electrical impulse. (Light is a form of energy, this energy is absorbed by the retina in the eye and converted into an electrical impulse that can be processed by the brain.)

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15
Q

What is the retina?

A

A light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye which converts light into electrical impulses which the optic nerve sends to your brain.

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16
Q

What type of cells does the retina contain and what do they respond to?

A

Rod cells- respond to dim light
Cone cells- detect colour when light is brighter.

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17
Q

What type of cells does the retina contain and what do they respond to?

A

Rod cells- respond to dim light
Cone cells- detect colour when light is brighter.

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18
Q

What is the lens?

A

focuses the rays of light onto the retina so that a clear image can be processed.

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19
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

Carries electrical impulses from the retina to the brain

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20
Q

What is the cornea?

A

transparent protective layer that bends the light onto the lens.

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21
Q

What is the iris?

A

Coloured ring of muscle that controls the amount of light that enters the eye.

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22
Q

What happens to the iris in dim light?

A

Relaxes and widens so that more light can enter the eye. (gets bigger)

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23
Q

What happens to the iris in bright light?

A

Contracts and constricts so that the retina is not damaged by the light. (gets smaller)

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24
Q

What is the pupil?

A

The hole in the iris that allows light to pass deeper into the eye.

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25
Q

As the iris responds to changes of light intensity what happens to the pupil?

A

The size of the pupil increases and decreases

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26
Q

What is an experimental treatment?

A

Where the subject is restricted to using only one eye

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27
Q

What is the control condition?

A

the normal circumstance where the subject is allowed to use both eyes.

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28
Q

What colour is iodine solution?

A

Orangey brown

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29
Q

In the presence of starch what colour will iodine solution change to?

A

blue/black. This is a positive result.

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30
Q

If the food lacks starch what colour will the solution turn?

A

It will remain orangey brown, this is a negative result.

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31
Q

What colour is Benidicts reagant.

A

Bright blue

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32
Q

In the presence of sugar what colour will Benedicts Raegent change to?

A

Brick red. This is a positive result.

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33
Q

If the food lacks sugar what colour will Benedicts Raegant turn to?

A

Remains Bright blue. This is a negative result.

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34
Q

What is digestion?

A

the breakdown of large food molecules into small soluble food
molecules.

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35
Q

What do you use to test for starch in food?

A

Iodine solution

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36
Q

What do you use to test for sugar in food?

A

Benedicts reagent

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37
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

The physical breakup of food into smaller particles.

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38
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

the chemical break down of large food molecules into
smaller chemically different molecules.

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39
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

moves food from the mouth to the stomach

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40
Q

What is bile?

A

Bile breaks down fat into fatty acids so they can be absorbed.

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41
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

a muscular bag that mixes the food with gastric juice. This juice contains acid that sterilises the food and an enzyme that digests protein.

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42
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

produces bile which is released into the small intestine to help the digestion of fat. The liver also processes food once it has been digested.

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43
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

produces enzymes and releases them into the small intestine. These help the
digestion of starch, protein and fat.

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44
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

long and narrow. Digests and absorbs food.

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45
Q

What is the heart?

A

A muscular pump. When it
contracts it pumps or squeezes the blood
around the blood vessels.

46
Q

Describe the pathway of blood through the heart, lungs, and body.

A

The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood into arteries that blood to the organs of the body.
The oxygen in the blood moves into the organs of the body and carbon dioxide moves into the blood.
The deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the veins.
The right side of the heart pumps this deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
In the lungs, the carbon dioxide leaves the blood and oxygen moves into the blood.
The blood is now oxygenated again.

47
Q

What is the role of the coronary arteries?

A

Coronary arteries supply the heart wall with oxygenated blood and soluble food to feed the cells. This allows the cells to release enough energy to power the heart muscle
contractions.

48
Q

What is cardiac arrest?

A

A cardiac arrest is when the heart suddenly stops pumping blood around your body,
commonly because of a problem with electrical signals within your heart.
The sufferer will immediately lose consciousness and is not likely to survive without immediate CPR,
defibrillation and medical attention.

49
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

If a coronary artery becomes blocked, blood flow to the heart wall is prevented and part of the heart wall muscles dies.

50
Q

How do you deal with unconscious casualties?

A

(DRS ABCD)
Danger-Check for danger.
Response-check for a response
Shout- shout for help
Airway- Open the airway (tilt the head back and lift the chin)
Breathing-Check for normal breathing

If casualty is not breathing then:
CPR- deliver CPR
Defibrillator- use a defibrillator

If casualty is breathing normally then:
Place casualty in the reovery position
Get help

51
Q

How do you deal with conscious casualties?

A

If the casualty is conscious then the next step is to assess the problem, administer any
immediate first aid and phone for an ambulance. First aid would be needed for:

Choking:
Ask casualty if they are choking and get them to try to cough
Give up to five blows to upper back
Give up to five abdominal thrust actions
Continue alternating back blows and thrusts
Call 999 with details
Serious bleeding:
DON’T remove objects from wound
Use available material and apply direct pressure to reduce bleed
Elevate limb while applying pressure if appropriate
Keep casualty warm
Call 999 with details
Suspected heart attack:
Indicated by chest pain – may spread to arms, neck, jaw, back or tummy
OR feeling sick, breathless, sweaty or dizzy
Make comfortable – sitting down with back supported and knees bent
DON’T give eats or drinks
Call 999 with details

52
Q

How do you deliver CPR?

A

30 compressions: two hands in middle of chest over the sternum
2 rescue breaths: close nose and open airway, ensure a good seal

53
Q

How do you use an AED?

A

An AED is an automated external defibrillator
The AED will give instructions that should be followed once it is switched on.

54
Q

What is evolution?

A

the gradual change of an organism over generations.

55
Q

For evolution to occur there must be…

A

variation

56
Q

What is variation?

A

not all members of the same species are identical-instead there are differences between individuals.

57
Q

If the proportion of individuals with a certain variation changes in a species from one generation to the next, what is it?

A

Evolution. For example, some ladybirds are black and with red spots rather than red with black spots. If the red percentage changes from generation to generation the evolution has happened.

58
Q

What are adaptations?

A

inherited characteristics that help an organism survive or breed. (inherited-they can be passed on from one generation to the next)

59
Q

What are behavioral adaptations?

A

inherited things that an organism does in response to a stimulus that helps it survive or breed.

60
Q

What is an example of a behavioural adaptation?

A

An armadillo may roll into a ball for defence from predators.

61
Q

What are structural adaptations?

A

inherited things that an organism has that helps it survive or breed.

62
Q

What is an example of a structural adaptation?

A

An armadillo has armoured structures on its back that help to defend it from predators.

63
Q

What is the process of natural selection and what does it explain?

A

It explains how evolution can occur. The organisms that are best adapted survive passing on their genes to the next generation.

64
Q

What is natural selection often summarised as?

A

survival of the fittest

65
Q

What does asexual reproduction involve?

A

One parent producing genetically similar offspring.

66
Q

What does sexual reproduction involve?

A

two parents having sexual intercourse to bring their gametes together in order to produce offspring.

67
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells. (They are the sperm and the egg in animals.)

68
Q

What does sexual reproduction require?

A

two parents that produce specialised sex cells that fuse to produce the offspring.

69
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

They produce and store sperm. These hang outside the body in the scrotum as sperm production is more effective at lower temperatures than core body temperature.

70
Q

What is the sperm duct?

A

the tube that leads from the testes to the urethra.

71
Q

What is the function of the seminal glands?

A

these add fluids to the sperm into order to form semen.

72
Q

What is the urethra?

A

the tube that leads from the bladder to the tip of the penis. Both urine
and semen (which contains sperm) leave the penis through the urethra.

73
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

can become erect due to erectile tissue filling with blood to aid intercourse.

74
Q

What do the ovaries do?

A

these produce and store eggs. Once every
28 days one of the ovaries releases a mature egg.

75
Q

What is the oviduct?

A

also called the fallopian tube, this is the
site of fertilisation. The oviduct contains
microscopic hairlike cells (cilia) that waft the egg
from the ovary towards the uterus. Sperm swim
up the oviduct as the egg travels down it.

76
Q

What is the uterus?

A

a muscular structure in which a baby can
develop. Develops a thick lining every 28 days to
provide a site for implantation and placental
development. If implantation does not take place the lining is shed as a period.

77
Q

What is the cervix?

A

a narrowing at the base of the uterus between the uterus and the vagina.

78
Q

What is the vagina?

A

a muscular tube that is the site of intercourse and also acts as the birth canal.

79
Q

What is the process of ovulation?

A

the release of a mature egg by an
ovary.

80
Q

What is intercourse?

A

the action of releasing the male
sex cells within the vagina of the female.

81
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

the fusion of the nuclei of the sex
cells in the oviduct of the female.

82
Q

What is implantation?

A

the attachment of the fertilized egg to the wall of the uterus at the start of pregnancy.

The fertilised egg (zygote)
becomes a ball of cells that burrows into the
wall of the uterus in order to gain nutrients to
develop further.

83
Q

What is placenta formation?

A

The mothers blood comes in close proximity with the embryos blood allowing oxygen and soluble food to pass into the embryo’s bloodstream. This also allows carbon dioxide and other soluble waste to leave the embryo’s bloodstream.

84
Q

What is the order of mammalian production?

A

Ovulation, Intercourse, Fertilisation, Implantation, Placenta Formation

85
Q

Label Diagrams of the vagina and penis?

A

look at the booklety.

86
Q

What is the carpel?

A

The female part of the flower

87
Q

What is the stigma?

A

A sticky structure that traps pollen for
pollination.

88
Q

What is the style?

A

An elongated structure that holds the stigma
in the correct position for pollination to occur.

89
Q

What is the ovary?(flower)

A

A flask-like structure that holds the ovules.

90
Q

What is the ovule?

A

The plant equivalent of an egg. These
contains the female gametes.

91
Q

What is the stamen?

A

The male part of the flower

92
Q

What is the filament?

A

This long thin structure holds the anther
in the correct position for release of pollen.

93
Q

What is the anther?

A

The pollen producing structure. It either rubs pollen onto an insect or releases it into the air.

94
Q

What is the pollen?

A

A microscopic dust-like structure. Each one contains male gametes.

95
Q

What is a petal?

A

A protective layer that may be enlarged, colourful and scented in insect pollinated
flowers.

96
Q

What is the sepal?

A

A protective layer that protects the flower when it is a flower bud. May be colourful in insect pollinated flowers.

97
Q

What are the nectaries?

A

produce sugary liquid called nectar in insect pollinated flowers.

98
Q

Look at flower structure?

A

Label it

99
Q

What is pollination?

A

The process of transferring pollen from the anther to the stigma

100
Q

What is self pollination?

A

when pollen from one flower is transferred to the stigma of the
same flower or same individual plant.

101
Q

What is cross pollination?

A

when pollen from one flower is transferred to the stigma of a
different flower of the same species.

102
Q

What is wind pollination?

A

some types of plants release pollen into the air so that it is
carried by the wind to a stigma of the same species

103
Q

What is insect pollination?

A

some types of plants attract insects with petals and nectaries.
Pollen is rubbed onto the insects as they try to feed and the insects deposit it on
a stigma of the same species of flower if they visit more than one.

104
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The process of fusion of the plant sex cells (gametes). The pollen grows a
tube through the style to the ovary so that male gametes can travel to fertilise the ovule.

105
Q

What is a seed?

A

The seed can germinate to grow into
a new individual plant.

106
Q

What is the embryo?

A

This is the part that becomes the
new plant

107
Q

What is the food store?

A

This provides enough food until
the plant is able to do photosynthesis itself.
The food store can be starch or fats and
oils.

108
Q

What is the seed coat?

A

This protective layer prevents
other organisms from damaging the
embryo or consuming the food store.

109
Q

What is seed dispersal?

A

This moves seeds away from the parent plant. The dispersal of seeds reduces competition for light, water and soil nutrients between the parent and offspring
plants.

110
Q

What is the animal internal method of seed dispersal?

A

These seeds are tough to resist digestion as they pass through the guts
of animals to be ‘planted’ in the animals droppings later. The animal is encouraged to eat
them as they are covered in a delicious and nutritious fruit.

111
Q

What is the animal external method of seed dispersal?

A

These seeds are covered in a hooked fruit that attaches to the fur of an
animal. When the animal scratches to remove it the seeds fall out.

112
Q

What is the wind dispersal method of seed dispersal?

A

These seeds are surrounded by a lightweight feathery or papery fruit that easily catches the wind and moves the seed from one place to another.

Biology (7 decks)

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