Cell Biology - 1.4, 1.5, 1.6

Question 1

What is each protein built up from?

Answer 1

a large number of subunits called amino acids.

Question 2

What are amino acids joined together in?

Answer 2

chains

Question 3

What is the function of proteins?

Answer 3

Proteins have many functions such as structural, enzymes, hormones, antibodies and receptors.

Question 4

What do enzymes function as?

Answer 4

biological catalysts

Question 5

What are enzymes made by?

Answer 5

all living cells. (several chains of amino acids)

Question 6

What do enzymes do?

Answer 6

they speed up chemical reactions and are unchanged in the process.

Question 7

The shape of the active site of an enzyme molecule is…

Answer 7

complementary to its specific substrate(s).

Question 8

How is an active site exposed?

Answer 8

It is made up of several chains of amino acids folded and coiled in a particular way that exposes an active site.

Question 9

What does enzyme action result in?

Answer 9

product(s)

Question 10

What reactions can enzymes be involved in?

Answer 10

Degradation or synthesis reactions

Question 11

What does a degradation reaction do?

Answer 11

Converts a substrate to products. large—> small

Question 12

What does a synthesis reaction do?

Answer 12

Converts substrates to a product.
small—>large

Question 13

During a degradation or synthesis reaction, what forms and what does this do?

Answer 13

an enzyme-substrate complex forms, facilitating the reaction.

Question 14

Be able to draw diagrams and word equations for degradation and synthesis reactions.

Answer 14

Synthesis
glucose-1-phosphate
phosphorylase
——————–>
starch

Degradation
Starch
amylase
———->
maltose

Question 15

Name two enzymes and their substrate(s) and produt(s)

Answer 15

Phosphorylase: glucose-1-phosphate, starch
Amylase:starch, maltose

Question 16

When is each enzyme most active?

Answer 16

In its optimum conditions.

Question 17

What can enzymes, and other proteins be affected by?

Answer 17

temperature and pH

Question 18

Enzymes can be denatured, what will this result in?

Answer 18

in a change in their shape which will affect the rate of reaction.

Question 19

Where can genetic information be transferred from?

Answer 19

from one cell to another by genetic engineering.

Question 20

What is an organism that has been ‘reprogrammed’ described as?

Answer 20

genetically modified

Question 21

What are the stages of genetic engineering?

Answer 21

1.Identify section of DNA that contains the required gene from source chromosome.
2.Cutting off the source chromosome using a special enzyme (acting as biochemical scissors).
3.Extract required gene
4.Extract plasmid from bacterial cell
5.Insert and seal required gene into bacterial plasmid
6.Insert plasmid into host bacterial cell to produce a genetically modified (GM) organism.

Question 22

What can humans use genetic engineering to get?

Answer 22

organisms to produce proteins which they would not normally produce.

Question 23

What does the use of enzymes in this process do?

Answer 23

Cut and seal DNA.

Question 24

What must the chemical energy stored in glucose be released by?

Answer 24

all cells through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions called respiration.

Question 25

What is the energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to do?

Answer 25

generate ATP

Question 26

What can the energy transferred by ATP can be used for?

Answer 26

cellular activities

Question 27

What are some examples of cellular activites that require ATP?

Answer 27

muscle cell contraction, cell division, protein synthesis and transmission of nerve impulses.

Question 28

What is glucose broken down to and what does this release?

Answer 28

releasing enough energy to yield two molecules of ATP.

Question 29

What does further breakdown depend on?

Answer 29

the presence/abscence of oxygen

Question 30

If oxygen is present what takes place?

Answer 30

aerobic respiration

Question 31

If aerobic respiration takes place, what happens?

Answer 31

each pyruvate is broken down to carbon dioxide and water, releasing enough energy to yield a large number of ATP molecules.

Question 32

What is the word summary of the process of aerobic respiration?

Answer 32

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 33

If there is an absence of oxygen what takes place?

Answer 33

the fermentation pathway

Question 34

In animal cells, what happens if the fermentation pathway takes place?

Answer 34

the pyruvate molecules are converted to lactate

Question 35

What does the breakdown of each glucose molecule via the fermentation pathway yield?

Answer 35

only the initial two molecules of ATP.

Question 36

What is the word summary of the fermentation pathway process in animal cells?

Answer 36

Glucose —> lactate + energy

Question 37

What is the word summary of the fermentation pathway process in plant and yeast cells?

Answer 37

Glucose —> carbon dioxide + ethanol + energy.

Question 38

Where does respiration begin?

Answer 38

the cytoplasm

Question 39

Where is the process of fermentation completed in?

Answer 39

the cytoplasm

Question 40

Where is the process of aerobic respiration completed in?

Answer 40

the mitochondria

Question 41

The higher the energy requirement of a cell the greater…

Answer 41

the number of mitochondria present in that cell.