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CVS > S1L1 - Introduction to CVS > Flashcards

S1L1 - Introduction to CVS Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need a cardiovascular system?

A

Needed to provide oxygen and nutrients close to cells via capillaries and to remove CO2 and waste products by diffusion.

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2
Q

Where does diffusion take place?

A

Capillaries

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3
Q

What is the structure of capillaries?

A

A single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by a basal lamina.

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4
Q

What is the role of coronary arteries?

A

To supply well oxygenated blood to the myocardium.

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5
Q

What are common problems with the coronary arteries?

A

Arteries of the heart are end structures and have few anastomoses.
Prone to atheroma

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6
Q

What is an atheroma?

A

A degeneration of the walls of arteries caused by accumulated fatty deposits and scar tissue and leading to restriction of the circulation and thrombosis.

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7
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

On the left hand side of the thorax. Left border of the heart lies along the left mid clavicular line, and between the second and fifth intercostal space of the left hand side. The right border of the heart lies between the third and sixth costal cartilage on the right hand side of the sternum

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8
Q

What is the pericardial sac?

A

A fibrous tissue layer surrounding the heart and epicardinal fat.

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9
Q

What are the layers of the heart pericardium from proximal to the heart to distal?

A 
Endocardium
Myocardium
Visceral layer (inner serous layer) of the epicardium
Pericardial cavity
Parietal layer (outer serous layer)
Fibrous layer
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10
Q

Where is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

A space behind the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk and in front of the descending aorta. Under the aortic arch.

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11
Q

What are the 2 main branches of the coronary arteries?

A

Left coronary artery and right coronary artery

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12
Q

What branches emerge from the left coronary artery?

A
  1. Anterior interventricular artery - descends the anterior of the heart. Gives off the diagonl artery.
  2. Circumflex branch - travels laterally to the left hand side to wrap around the posterior of the heart. Gives rise to the left marginal artery.
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13
Q

What branches from the right coronary artery?

A

right marginal branch

Usually the posterior interventricular artery

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14
Q

What arteries form the posterior interventricular artery?

A

Usually (70%) a branch of the right coronary artery but can be a branch of the circumflex coronary artery (10%) or supplied by a anastomosis of the left and the right coronary artery (20%)

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15
Q

What is the main vein of the heart?

A

The coronary sinus

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16
Q

What does the coronary sinus drain into?

A

The right coronary sinus

17
Q

Describe the path of the coronary sinus

A

Travels transversely along the posterior of the heart from right to left. First branch is small cardiac vein, later the middle cardiac vein and oblique vein of the left atrium are produced. After producing the ,middle cardiac vein, the coronary sinus is referred to as the great cardiac vein and wraps around the left aspect of the heart to the anterior surface of the heart before descending between the ventricles.

18
Q

How many litres of blood are delivered to the body per minute?

A

Between 5 and 25 L

19
Q

What is the speed of blood flow that must be maintained to the brain at all times?

A

750ml/min-1

20
Q

What organs must have a blood supply at all times?

A

Brain
Heart
Kidney

21
Q

What are the different segments in the CVS?

A

Heart - a pump
Arteries - distribution vessels
Resistance vessels (arteriolar and pre-capillary sphincters) - mechanism to control blood flow
Capacitance system (veins) - store of blood to cope with temporary imbalances.

22
Q

Where is deoxygenated blood received by the heart?

A

Via the superior vena cava into the right atrium

23
Q

What valves does the heart have?

A

Two atrioventricular valves

Two outflow valves (pulmonary and aortic)

24
Q

How do the two atrioventricular valves differ?

A

Right: tricuspid
Left: Bicuspid.

25
Q

What is the role of the atrioventricular valves?

A

Open during ventricular diastole. Close during ventricular contraction (systole) to prevent blood flowing back into the atria.

26
Q

When do the outflow (pulmonary and aortic) valves open and close?

A

Open as pressure in the ventricles increases during systole. Close when the pressure in the ventricles drops below that of the arteries. A small back flow of blood causes the valves to flow when the pressure of the aorta and pulmonary trunk exceeds that of the left or right ventricle respectively.

27
Q

What blood vessels supplies the heart?

A

Left and Right Coronary arteries.

28
Q

Which coronary artery is nicknamed the widow maker?

A

The left interventricular artery. Often becomes occluded leading to a cardiac arrest

29
Q

What 3 structures drain into the right atrium

A

The superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus

CVS (9 decks)

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