S.1.1.2 and S.1.1.3 Kinetic Molecular Theory

Question 1

What do states of matter depend on?

Answer 1

Temperature and pressure, as well as inter-particle forces and energy, determine the state of matter.

Question 2

What is temperature?

Answer 2

Average kinetic energy of molecules

Question 3

What are the properties of a solid?

Answer 3

Particles: closely packed together
Inter-particle forces: strong, particles vibrate in position
Shape: fixed
Volume: fixed

Question 4

What are the properties of a liquid?

Answer 4

Particles: more spaced
Inter-particle forces: weaker, particles vibrate, rotate, and slide over each other
Shape: not fixed
Volume: fixed

Question 5

What are the properties of a gas?

Answer 5

Particles: fully spread out
Inter-particle forces: negligible, particles vibrate, rotate, and move freely
Shape: not fixed
Volume: not fixed

Question 6

How do the particles of solids, liquids, and gases differ?

Answer 6

Closely packed in solids; more spaced in liquids; fully spaced out in gases

Question 7

How do the inter-particle forces in solids, liquids, and gases differ?

Answer 7

Strong, particles vibrate in position in solids; weaker, particles vibrate, rotate, and slide over each other in liquids; negligible, particles vibrate, rotate, and move freely in gases

Question 8

Fluid

Answer 8

Substance with no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure

Liquids and gases

Question 9

Diffusion

Answer 9

Particles of a substance spread out evenly

Mostly in fluids

Question 10

How do the rates of diffusion of different particles compare?

Answer 10

Smaller particles diffuse faster than larger particles.

Question 11

Aqueous solution

Answer 11

Solute (less abundant) dissolved in solvent (more abundant)

Question 12

Changes of state

Answer 12

The absorption or release of energy in substances

Freezing, melting, condensation, vaporization, deposition, sublimation

Question 13

Endothermic process

Answer 13

Substance changes from more condensed to less condensed state; energy is absorbed by the particles from the surroundings

Solid to liquid/gas; liquid to gas

Question 14

Exothermic process

Answer 14

Substance changes from less condensed to more condensed state; particles lose energy to surroundings; intermolecular forces become stronger

Gas to liquid/solid; liquid to solid

Question 15

What is 0 K?

Answer 15

Absolute zero: the lowest temperature possible

No motion and no heat; no transfer of kinetic energy on collisions

Question 16

Why is there no temperature change during a change in state of matter?

Answer 16

All added energy is used to overcome the intermolecular forces between particles in the substance

Question 17

Kelvin temperature

Answer 17

Proportional to the average kinetic energy of particles and considered an absolute scale

Question 18

Relationship between the Kelvin and Celsius scales

Answer 18

Increase of 1°C is equivalent to an increase of 1K

0°C is equivalent to 273.15K; absolute zero is -273.15°C