S1) Infection Overview Flashcards
What is an infection?
An infection is the invasion of a host’s tissues by micro organisms
How do people get infections?
Explain by means of a diagram
Identify 3 mechanisms that manifest as disease
- Microbial multiplication
- Toxins
- Host response
Identify and describe the modes of horizontal transmission
- Contact: direct, indirect, vectors
- Inhalation: droplets, aerosols
- Ingestion: faecal-oral route
What is vertical transmission?
Vertical transmission is transmission from mother to child, before or at birth
Describe how microbiota can cause infection
- Microbiota are micro-organisms carried on skin and mucosal surfaces
- Normally harmless / even beneficial unless transferred to other sites
Identify and provide an example for the different mediums for getting infections
- Physical contact e.g. STI
- Airborne spread e.g. Chickenpox
- Animal vector e.g. mosquito for malaria
Describe how one can get an infection from one’s environment
- Ingestion of contaminated food or water
- Inhalation of contaminated air
- Contact with contaminated surfaces
State the first 5 steps that lead to disease caused by micro-organisms
- Exposure
- Adherence
- Invasion
- Multiplication
- Disemmination
Virulence factors are involved in the second step that leads to disease caused by micro-organisms.
Identify some examples
Virulence factors:
- Exotoxins – cytotoxic, AB toxins, superantigens, enzymes
- Endotoxins
What is the last step that leads to disease caused by micro-organisms?
Direct host cellular damage
Identify the disease determinants for pathogens
Pathogen:
- Virulence factors
- Inoculum size
- Antimicrobial resistance
Identify the disease determinants for patients
Patient:
- Site of infection
- Co-morbidities
What 4 overlying questions should one ask when treating a patient with a potential infection?
- Is there an infection?
- Where is the infection?
- What is the cause of the infection?
- What is the best treatment?
What history should one take when treating a patient with a potential infection?
- Symptoms
I. Local / systemic
II. Severity
III. Duration
- Potential exposures