Clinical Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What is Chronic granulomatous disease?

A
  • Chronic granulomatous disease is an X-linked inherited primary immunodeficiency wherein the body cannot phagocytose pathogens due to difficulty forming the superoxide radical (no respiratory burst)
  • This increases susceptibility to infections by bacteria and fungi
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2
Q

What is Bruton’s disease?

A

Bruton’s disease is an inherited primary immunodeficiency caused by a severe block in B cell development and a reduced immunoglobulin production

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3
Q

What is Streptococcal pharyngitis?

A
  • Streptococcal pharyngitis is a form of pharyngitis caused by Strep pyogenes, spread through respiratory droplets and associated with over-crowding
  • It presents with malaise, fever, headache, lymphoid hyperplasia, tonsillopharyngeal exudates and an abrupt onset sore throat
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4
Q

What is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus?

A
  • HIV is a retrovirus which infects cells with CD4+ surface receptor (T-helper cells, monocytes / macrophages)
  • It replicates inside cells, destroys the cell, causes inflammation and spreads to / infects more cells
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5
Q

What is Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome?

A
  • Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome is a deep tissue infection with caused by Strep pyogenes
  • It presents with bacteraemia vascular collapse and organ failure and patients go from health to death in hours
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6
Q

What is Cellulitis?

A
  • Cellulitis is a streptococcus pyogenes skin infection wherein the skin and subcutaneous tissue are infected
  • Impaired lymphatic drainage and illicit injecting drug use are important risk factors
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7
Q

What is Impetigo?

A
  • Impetigo is a streptococcus pyogenes skin infection, often occurring in children of 2-5 years and commonly caused by glomerulonephritis
  • It involves an initial skin colonisation, followed by intradermal inoculation
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8
Q

What is malaria?

A
  • Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease, typically transmitted through an animal vector - an infected Anopheles mosquito
  • It is the commonest imported disease in the UK
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9
Q

What is an EBV infection?

A

EBV infection (aka infectious mononucleosis) is a viral latent infection which affects B lymphocytes and produces characteristic atypical lymphocytes that may be useful in the diagnosis of the disease

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10
Q

What is Erysipelas?

A
  • Erysipelas is a streptococcus pyogenes skin infection wherein the dermis of the face and/or lower limbs is infected with lymphatic involvement
  • Facial lesions are preceded by pharyngitis and lower limb lesions are secondary to invasion of skin via trauma, skin disease or local fungal infection
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11
Q

What is septic shock?

A

Septic shock is persisting hypotension requiring treatment to maintain blood pressure despite fluid resuscitation

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12
Q

What is sepsis?

A

Sepsis is life-threatening organ dysfunction due to dysregulated host response to infection

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13
Q

One complication of streptococcal pharyngitis is Acute Rheumatic Fever.

What is Acute Rheumatic Fever?

A
  • Acute Rheumatic Fever is the inflammation of the heart, joints and CNS which follows on from pharyngitis
  • It might arise due to auto-immunity, serum sickness or M proteins binding to collagen
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14
Q

One complication of streptococcal pharyngitis is Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.

What is Acute glomerulonephritis?

A

Acute glomerulonephritis is the acute inflammation of renal glomerulus due to antigen-antibody complexes forming in the glomerulus

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15
Q

One complication of streptococcal pharyngitis is Scarlet Fever.

What is Scarlet Fever?

A
  • Scarlet fever is a condition arising due to an infection with streptococcal pyrogens (exotoxins strain of S.pyogenes)
  • It is transmitted through local/haematogenous spread and presents with high fever, sepsis, arthritis, jaundice
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16
Q

What is enteric fever?

A
  • Enteric fever (typhoid & paratyphoid fever) is a potentially fatal mutisystemic ilness caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi
  • It is spread through the faecal-oral route (drinking/eating), due to poor sanitation
17
Q

What is Dengue fever?

A
  • Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus
  • It is commonest arbovirus and has 4 serotypes
18
Q

What is Ebola?

A
  • Ebola is a viral haemorrhagic fever caused by a filovirus, spread by direct contact with body fluids
  • It presents with flu-like symptoms (+ vomiting, diarrhoea, headaches, confusion, rash) as well as internal/external bleeding at 5-7 days
19
Q

What is Necrotising fasciitis?

A
  • Necotising fasciitis is an Infection of deeper subcutaneous tissues and fascia, caused by streptococcus pyogenes
  • It usually occurs secondary to skin break and involves rapid, extensive necrosis, presenting with severe pain initially and high fever (mortality 20-70%)
20
Q

What is Zika virus?

A
  • Zika virus is an arbovirus (flavivirus) transmitted through the Aedes mosquito & through sexual contact
  • It presents with mild dengue-like symptoms (only in 20%) and causes congenital microcephaly and/or foetal loss
21
Q

What is Severe Combined Immunodeficiency?

A

SCID is a primary immunodeficiency characterised by a severe defect in both the T- & B-lymphocytes

22
Q

What is Common Variable Immunodeficiency?

A

CVID is a primary immunodeficiency characterised by recurrent infections and low antibody levels (specifically IgG, IgM and IgA)

23
Q

What is meningococcal disease?

A

- Meningococcal disease is a bacterial form of meningitis, a serious infection of the meninges that affects the brain membrane

  • It presents with a purpuric rash, light sensitivity, fever and neck stiffness
24
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver due to cell injury or viruses (hepatotropic) which can cause collateral liver damagee.g. EBV, CMV, VZV