S1: Fate of Newly Synthesised Proteins Flashcards
What are free ribosomes?
- Soluble proteins for release into the cytoplasm are synthesised by free ribosomes
- Intitial codons in mRNA do not code for hydrophobic amino acids
What are bound ribosomes?
- Proteins for secretion from the cell or for incorporation into membrane or lysosomes are synthesised by membrane bound ribosomes
- Initial codons in mRNA code for a short sequence of hydrophobic amino acids called a signal sequence
What is a signal sequence?
The initial codons (so at the N-terminus, the first part of the protein to be synthesized) in the mRNA code for a short sequence of hydrophobic amino acids, called a “signal sequence”.
What determines whether the ribosome that translates the polypeptide will be free or bound?
and How?
Signal sequence
The signal sequence allows a channel in the ER the open up and the signal remains bound to channel as rest of polypeptide enters into the ER lumen. When it has fully entered, the signal sequence is cleaved off and released.
What are internal hydrophobic sequences?
They are additional sequences of codons in the mRNA that code for hydrophobic amino acids.
These sequences of AA’s get ‘stuck’ in the membrane as the protein is fed through (the channel into the lumen) so they become membrane proteins.
What is the ‘nuclear localisation sequence’?
These are patterns of codons that code for basic amino acids
They will appear on proteins that are destined for the nucleus
What are ‘mitochondrial target signals’?
They are alternate patterns of hydrophobic and basic amino acids. This is because while mitochondria do have their own ribosomes and make some of their own proteins, the majority of mitochondrial proteins are synthesised in the cytosol and migrate to the mitochondria.
Organelles involved in protein synthesis
The mRNA leaves the nucleus and is translated on a ribosome on the rough ER (for proteins that will be secreted or part of membrane), it then will move to the Golgi apparatus where it’ll be packaged into vesicles, these will then fuse with the plasma membrane and empty the contents into the ECF, this is secretion or it will add new membrane to the surface of the cell, including some the hydrophobic proteins with it.
There will also be messages translated in the cytosol, proteins of which will be used in the cell.
What are the two types of ER?
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Describe characteristics of RER
- Synthesis of proteins for subsequent packaging and secretion from the cell or for insertion into intracellular structures such as other membranes
- It is involved in the initial steps of glycosylation (joining carbohydrates onto proteins)
- Site of disulphide bond formation (which is important for the folding of the protein into its tertiary structure, chaperones help)
Describe characteristics of smooth ER
- Modification of newly synthesised proteins –> addition of carbohydrate, phosphate and lipid group
- In the liver the SER is responsible for detoxification of foreign compounds such as drugs and environment pollutants (making drugs more soluble)
Describe the formation of disulphide bonds in the ER
- On the surface of the ER is where there is formation of disulphide bonds between cysteine residues
(S-H group in side chain) - The formation of disulphide bonds is catalysed by the enzyme protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) which resides in the ER
- PDI is involved in breaking and reforming the disulphide bonds until the protein is the correct structure
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What group is PDI (protein disulphide isomerase) part of?
Folding chaperones
What do folding chaperones do?
The polypeptide chains interact with chaperones, which promote the folding of proteins to the correct structure. Folding chaperones also allow re-folding if it has folded into an inappropriate structure.
List factors that can cause protein misfolding
- Cells are exposed to elavated temperatures resulting in increased expression of some chaperones (heat shock proteins) so proteins are more likely to misfold
- HSP are also expressed involved more in stressed individuals
What happens is the degradative process for misfolded proteins becomes overwhelmed?
Protein aggregates can accumulate causing cellular dysfunction and cell death (apoptosis)