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SA urinary > S1) Anatomy of the Urinary System > Flashcards

S1) Anatomy of the Urinary System Flashcards

check the powerpoint slides and workbook for more images of the anatomy

1
Q

In terms of anatomical relationships, explain why the left kidney is higher than the right kidney?

A
  • The liver (above the right kidney) is larger than the spleen (above the left kidney)
  • Hence, the left kidney is higher because the liver pushes the right kidney down
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2
Q

At approximately what vertebral level would you expect to find the right and left kidneys respectively?

A
  • Left kidney (T11 - L2)
  • Right kidney (T12 - L3)
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3
Q

Identify the anatomical relations of the right kidney

A

4 – Adrenal glands

6 – Duodenum

2 – Hepatic area

7 – Right colon areas

3 – Inferior vena cava

8 – Abdominal aorta

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4
Q

Identify the anatomical relations of the left kidney

A

4 – Adrenal glands

9 – Small bowel

5 – Spleen

10 – Pancreas

7 – Left colon areas

1 – Stomach

11 – Left renal vein

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5
Q

Identify the complex layers of fascia and fat surrounding the kidney (deep to superficial)

A
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6
Q

Describe the structure of the following:

  • Renal capsule
  • Renal fascia
A
  • Renal capsule: tough fibrous capsule
  • Renal fascia: encloses the kidneys and the suprarenal glands
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7
Q

Describe the structure of the following:

  • Perirenal fat
  • Pararenal fat
A
  • Perirenal fat: collection of extraperitoneal fat
  • Pararenal fat: mainly located on the posterolateral aspect of kidney
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8
Q

The renal parenchyma can be divided into two main areas.

Identify these

A
  • Outer cortex
  • Inner medulla
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9
Q

What are renal pyramids and how are they formed?

A

The outer renal cortex extends into the inner renal medulla, dividing the kidney into triangular shapes known as the renal pyramids

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10
Q

What is the apex of a renal pyramid called?

A

A renal papilla

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11
Q

What is a minor calyx and what does it do?

A

A minor calyx is a structure that is associated with a renal papilla and collects urine from the pyramids

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12
Q

How is a major calyx formed?

A

Several minor calices merge to form a major calyx

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13
Q

Explain the role of the renal pelvis in the kidney

A
  • Urine passes through the major calices into the renal pelvis, a flattened and funnel-shaped structure
  • From the renal pelvis, urine drains into the ureter, which transports it to the bladder for storage
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14
Q

What is the renal hilum and what does it do?

A
  • A renal hilum is a deep fissure which marks the medial margin of each kidney
  • Renal vessels and ureter enter/exit the kidney through this structure
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15
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the kidneys

A
  • Receive blood from renal arteries
  • Left and right renal arteries arise from the abdominal aorta
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16
Q

Identify the following renal vasculature:

A
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17
Q

What is the term used to describe the junction between the pelvis of the kidney and the PROXIMAL ureter?

A

Pelvi-ureteric junction

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18
Q

What term is used to describe the junction between the DISTAL ureter and the bladder?

A

Vesico-ureteric junction

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19
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the kidneys

A
  • Drained of venous blood by left and right renal veins
  • Leave the renal hilum and empty directly into the inferior vena cava
20
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys

A

Lymph from the kidney drains to the lateral aortic nodes

21
Q

From the hilum, describe the course of the ureter until it enters the bladder

A
  • Ureter arises from the pelvis of each kidney
  • descends from psoas major to reach brim of the pelvis
  • crosses in front of the common iliac arteries
  • runs posters-inferiorly on the lateral walls of the pelvis
  • then curves antero-medially to enter the bladder
22
Q

In females, what does the phrase “water under the bridge refer to?”

A

The ureter runs underneath the uterine artery

23
Q

There are three common sites of relative constriction where renal stones can get lodged due to the non-uniformity of the ureter lumen.

Identify these sites

A
  • Pelvi-uteric junction (PUJ)
  • Vesico-uteric junction (VUJ)
  • When ureter enters pelvis and crosses common iliac artery bifurcation
24
Q

How long is the urethra in the adult male and female?

A

4 cm in females

8 cm in males

25
Q

The male urethra consists of different regions.

Identify them

A
  • Pre-prostatic urethra
  • Prostatic urethra
  • Membranous urethra
  • Penile urethra (aka spongy urethra)
26
Q

Describe the anatomical location of the pre-prostatic urethra

A

Pre-prostatic urethra lies between the bladder and prostate

27
Q

Describe the anatomical location of the prostatic urethra

A

Prostatic urethra traverses the prostate

28
Q

Describe the anatomical location of the membranous urethra

A

Membranous urethra spans from the apex of the prostate to the bulb of the penis (deep peritoneal pouch)

29
Q

Describe the anatomical location of the penile urethra

A

Penile urethra traverses the corpus spongiosum of penis

30
Q

summary of blood supply in the kidneys

A
31
Q

what are ureters?

A
  • smooth muscle fibres that propel urine into the bladder
  • normally 25-30cm long
  • retroperitoneal
  • pelvic brim is most vulnerable part
  • starts around L1 and runs close to the tip of the lumber and transverse process
  • urothelium allows the urter to dilate
32
Q

what is the vesicoureteral junction

A
  • where the ureter enters the bladder (enters at an “oblique angle” to prevent back flow of urine)
  • when the bladder is full, the junction closes
33
Q

label the bladder

A
34
Q

role of rugae in bladder

A
  • muscular folds that contract and expand for recoil and prevents pressure buildup in the bladder
  • lined with urothelium
    *
35
Q

urothelium

A
  • lines the bladder
  • lines the ureter - impermeable to urine
36
Q

describe the difference between cortical and juxtameduallry nephrons

A
  • cortical - have renal corpuscles in cortex and shorter loop of Henley
  • juxtamedullary - larger renal corpuscles in inner third of cortex and long loop of henley extending into the medulla
37
Q

which type of cells make up the loop of henley

A

single flattened simple squamous with a few mitochondria

38
Q

what are principle and intercalated cells

A
  • P cells - few mitochondria and respond to ADH
  • I cells - lots of mitochondria and secrete lots of H ions
39
Q

why is the right renal artery longer than the left

A
  • it has to pass posterior to the vena cava
    *
40
Q

what is the role of detrusor muscle in the bladder

A
  • smooth muscle to form internal sphincters
  • parasympathetic system can stimulate these muscles and cause contractions
41
Q

order of the male urethra

A

20cm

  • prostatic → surrounded by the prostate
  • membranous → shortest region
  • penile

can use a male catheter for both females and males but NO female catheter can be used in a male otherwise it will burst the prostate and you can lose a lot of blood

42
Q

length of the female urethra

A

4cm

43
Q

ureteric abnormalities

A
  • SIDE NOTE- when the urethra splits coming out of one kidney and can go two ways:
  • partial → two ureters meet before entering the bladder
  • complete → both enter the bladder separately
44
Q

what do the efferent arterioles of the glomerulus branch into

A

cortical peritubular capillary beds

45
Q

how many cm below are the kidneys apart

A

1cm

SA urinary (25 decks)

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