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Module 1 > S and F 1 > Flashcards

S and F 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A
  • Loosely attached to inner or outer membrane surface, interacts with polar lipid heads or integral membrane proteins
  • Function in selective transport, cell-cell recognition, forming tight junctions
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2
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A
  • Inserted into lipid bilayer, including transmembrane proteins
  • Include carrier and channel proteins
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3
Q

Carrier proteins vs. channel proteins

A

carrier proteins bind specific amino acids to transport
channel proteins form open gates through membrane

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4
Q

Hypokalemia: Effect on polarization, Vm

A

Hyperpolarization
Moves Vm away from threshold, harder to generate action potential

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5
Q

Rough ER

A

Structure: Contains ribosomes, attached to outer nuclear membrane
Function: Reads mRNA to synthesize proteins, sends to Golgi

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6
Q

Smooth ER

A

Function: Synthesizes lipids, steroids, cholesterol
Liver and kidney detoxification

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7
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Structure: Stack of sacs
Cis face function: Tags and modifies proteins from rough ER
Synthesis of lysosomes and enzymes

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8
Q

Basement membrane structure

A

Basal lamina: type IV collagen
- lamina lucida: electron lucent layer
- lamina densa: electron dense layer
- anchored to reticular via type VII collagen
Reticular lamina:
- composed of type III collagen

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9
Q

Reticular lamina function

A

attachment to connective tissue, compartmentalization of epithelium from connective tissue, substance filtration, scaffolding for epithelium regeneration

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10
Q

exocrine vs endocrine secretion

A

exocrine: maintains connection to epithelium, secretion through ducts or onto epithelial surface
endocrine: loses connection to epithelium, enters vascular system

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11
Q

gland origination

A

epithelial cells

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12
Q

epidermis and derivatives: origination

A

ectoderm

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13
Q

muscle: origination

A

mesoderm

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14
Q

connective tissue: origination

A

mesoderm

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15
Q

lining of body cavities: origination

A

mesoderm

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16
Q

lining of blood and lymph vessels: origination

A

mesoderm

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17
Q

lining of respiratory and GI tracts: origination

A

endoderm

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18
Q

nervous tissue: origination

A

ectoderm

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19
Q

epithelium: location, vasculature, nerves

A

sits on basement membrane
no vasculature or nerves

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20
Q

epithelium: apical surface

A

exposed to air or fluid (skin, lumen)
- may have surface modifications

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21
Q

epithelium: lateral surface

A

specialized junctions that facilitate adhesions with no leaks

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22
Q

epithelium: basal surface

A

may attach to basement membrane or other cells

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23
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium: location

A

surrounding small ducts
kidney tubules
lining of thyroid follicles

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24
Q

simple squamous: location

A

epidermis
moist surfaces (oral cavity, esophagus)

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24
Q

simple columnar: location

A

GI tract

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25
Q

stratified cuboidal: location

A

sweat glands, larger exocrine ducts

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26
Q

Transitional: location

A

urinary tract

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27
Q

stratified columnar: location

A

large exocrine ducts, transition sites between strat. squamous and pseudostratified

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28
Q

pseudostratified: location

A

trachea, bronchi, efferent vessels, epididymus, vas deferens

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29
Q

belt desmosome

A

tight junction
anchoring, resists mechanical stress

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30
Q

spot desmosome

A

tight junction
keratins attached to plaque

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31
Q

hemidesmosome

A

tight junction
anchoring filaments to basal lamina, protects from abrasion

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32
Q

zonula occludens

A

controls passage of substances between cells

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33
Q

gap junctions

A

present where activity of adjacent cells must be coordinated

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34
Q

cell adhesion: calcium-independent

A

immunoglobulins: immune response
integrins: adhesion to basement membrane

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35
Q

cell adhesion: calcium-dependent

A

cadherins: link intra and intercellular of separate cells
selectins: extravasation of leukocytes

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36
Q

merocrine glands

A

golgi packages in secretory vesicles, exocytosis
- salivary, pancreas

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37
Q

apocrine glands

A

secretory portion accumulates in apical, pinches off

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38
Q

lobar gland

A

connect to main excretory duct, pseudostratified to stratified cuboidal/columnar

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38
Q

interlobular glands

A

in septa between lobules, tall simple columnar or pseudostratified, surrounded by connective tissue

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39
Q

intralobular glands

A

in lobule lined with simple cuboidal or low simple columnar

39
Q

holocrine glands

A

entire secretory cell discharged
- sebaceous

40
Q

type II collagen

A

fine fibrils in ground substance in hyaline and elastic cartilage

40
Q

type III collagen

A

reticular fibers in reticular connective tissue and basement membrane

40
Q

type I collagen

A

most prominent, very strong
found in dermis, tendons, bone, ligaments, fibrocartilage, organ capsules

41
Q

type IV collagen

A

basal lamina

42
Q

type VII collagen

A

anchoring fibrils between lamina densa, reticularis

43
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A
  • densely packed parallel bundles
  • in tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, enthesis
44
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A
  • multidirectional bundles, fibroblasts scattered in
  • mast cells, macrophages
  • in deep fascia, periosteum, dermis, perichondrium
44
Q

loose regular connective tissue: location, characteristics

A
  • around muscles, organs, nerves
  • beneath digestive and respiratory epithelium
  • macrophages, lymphocytes, more cells than fibers
45
Q

dense regular elastic connective tissue: location, characteristics

A
  • elastic fibers, sparse collagen
  • synthesized by fibroblasts
  • found in large arteries
46
Q

mesenchymal connective tissue: location, characteristics

A

embryonic
- mesenchymal cells, ECM with ground substance, reticular fibers
- differentiates into adult connective, mucous connective

46
Q

mucous connective tissue: location, function

A
  • fibroblasts, hydrophilic ECM, ground substance, collagen types I and III
  • forms umbilical cord
47
Q

mast cells: origination, location, characteristics, function

A

originate in: bone marrow
found in: loose connective near small blood vessels
characteristics: granules in cytoplasm
function: histamine in granules bring WBCs to infection, cytokines attract neutro, baso, eosinophils

48
Q

adipose cells: origination, characteristics

A

origination: mesenchyme, fibroblasts
characteristics: no mitosis, flat nucleus

49
Q

plasma cells: location, characteristics, function

A

location: move into tissue to perform function, respiratory and GI tracts
characteristics: large oval cell, spherical nucleus, prominent golgi
function: acquired immunity, attach to antigens

50
Q

macrophages: origination, characteristics, location, function

A

origination: derived from monocytes
characteristics: abundant lysosomes
function: phagocytosis, turn over aged fibers, produce cytokines, present antigens to T-cells to subsequently signal B-cell production

51
Q

glycosaminoglycans

A
  • associated with sulfate residues, which attract osmotically-active cations such as Na+
  • High Na+ attracts ECF which forms hydrated, compression-resistant molecules
52
Q

Adhesive glycoproteins

A
  • fastening ECM components together
52
Q

laminin and entactin

A

adhesive glycoproteins
- connect ECM
- bind to cells, proteoglycan, collagen

53
Q

fick’s law of diffusion

A

J = -DA (C/X)
J is flux, D is diffusion coeff., A is area, C is concentration gradient, X is distance moved

54
Q

dilution principle

A

volume = amount/concentration

55
Q

derivation: epidermis, derivatives

A

ectoderm

56
Q

derivation: anterior pituitary, adrenal medulla, parotid gland

A

ectoderm

57
Q

derivation: brain, spinal cord, nerves, posterior pituitary

A

ectoderm

58
Q

derivation: connective tissue

A

mesoderm

59
Q

physiological parameters have ___ ______

A

set points

59
Q

negative feedback: change

A

change is opposite to what happened

60
Q

derivation: muscle

A

mesoderm

61
Q

derivation: lining of body cavities, heart, blood and lymph vessels

A

mesoderm

62
Q

how are control systems regulated?

A

Parameters monitored by sensors, which notify controller

63
Q

positive feedback: change

A

same direction

64
Q

negative feedback: purpose

A

maintains physiological parameters at set points

65
Q

positive feedback: purpose

A

rapid change of regulated parameter

66
Q

hypopolarization in hyperkalemia

A

initially easier to stimulate cells (Vm moved towards threshold potential)
long-term: prolonged depolarization inactivates voltage-gated Na+ channels

66
Q

hyperpolarization in hypokalemia

A

moves Vm away from threshold potential, harder to generate action potential

67
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase

A

electrogenic pump
- 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

68
Q

Na+ function in action potential

A

depolarizes membrane by increasing Na+ permeability

69
Q

K+ function in action potential

A

repolarizes membrane

70
Q

how hyperpolarization occurs

A

K+ channels take longer to close, excess influx

71
Q

graded potential

A
  • can be stimulated by multiple things (touch, light, etc.)
  • change in membrane potential
  • no positive feedback
  • amplitude depends on strength
72
Q

action potential

A
  • stimulated by change in membrane potential
  • duration and amplitude are fixed
  • frequency can be changed with strength of stimulus
73
Q

electrical vs. chemical synapse

A

electric: less common in humans, occurs @ gap junction connecting cytoplasm of two cells
chemical: release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic terminal, across synaptic cleft, to postsynaptic neuron

74
Q

temporal summation

A

rapid succession from single synapse

75
Q

spatial summation

A

several synapses from different locations arrive @ same time

76
Q

EPSP

A

excitatory post-synaptic potential
- depolarizing, moves membrane towards threshold

77
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory post-synaptic potential
- hyperpolarizes away from threshold

78
Q

keratin

A

intermediate filament in epidermis: strengthens tissue, protects against water loss and abrasion

79
Q

desmin

A

intermediate filament in muscles: actin stability

80
Q

vimentin

A

intermediate filament in fibroblasts, chondroblasts, vascular smooth muscle, macrophages

81
Q

neurofilaments

A

intermediate filament in dendrites, axons of neurons

82
Q

lamins

A

intermediate filament in nuclei: bind chromatin

83
Q

glycocalyx

A

fuzzy covering of carbohydrate residues attached to transmembrane proteins

84
Q

collagen fibers: locations for synthesis

A

osteoblasts, chondroblasts, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells

85
Q

elastic fibers: locations for synthesis

A

fibroblasts in skin and ligaments, smooth muscle cells in large blood vessels, respiratory tract, chondroblasts in elastic cartilage

86
Q

RBC RMP

A

-10 mV

87
Q

neuron RMP

A

-70 mV

88
Q

skeletal myocyte RMP

A

-95 mV

89
Q

RBC permeability to Na+ and K+

A

equally permeable to both

90
Q

neuron permeability to Na+ and K+

A

more permeable to K+

Module 1 (4 decks)

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