BC Module 1

Question 1

Phospholipids: Classes

Answer 1

Glycerophospholipids: Glycerol backbone, predominant in membranes
Sphingolipids: Sphingosine backbone

Question 2

Enzymes: Cardiac diagnostics

Answer 2

Creatine kinases: CPK-MB is a biomarker for cardiac muscle necrosis
Serum cardiac troponin I, T is also a biomarker

Question 3

Zymogen

Answer 3

proenzyme: inactive presursor, must be cleaved to convert latent into active

Question 4

daily energy expenditure

Answer 4

number of expended Kcal/day by 3 energy-requiring processes
- resting
- physical activity
- thermal effect of food

Question 5

dietary fats: types, differences

Answer 5

saturated: solid at room temp, best in moderation
unsaturated: mono and poly, lower risk of disease, essential fatty acids
trans: chemically unsaturated, behave saturated

Question 6

glycemic index definition

Answer 6

effect of carbohydrates on blood glucose level

Question 7

determinants of high glycemic index

Answer 7

carbs that break down rapidly, release glucose rapidly: higher GI
carbs that break down slowly, gradually release glucose: lower GI

Question 8

lower glycemic index: benefits

Answer 8

lower insulin demand
better long-term blood glucose control
reduction in blood lipids

Question 9

dietary protein quality

Answer 9

ability to provide essential amino acids

Question 10

dry beri-beri: deficiency, symptoms

Answer 10

B1 (thiamine)
Peripheral neuropathy, muscle wasting

Question 10

wet beri-beri: deficiency, symptoms

Answer 10

B1 (thiamine) deficiency
Edema (dilated cardiomyopathy)

Question 11

wernicke-korsakoff: deficiency, symptoms

Answer 11

wernicke encephalopathy: confusion, ataxia
korsakoff dementia: memory loss

Question 12

glycolipid structure

Answer 12

ceramide is a precursor, sphingosine backbone

Question 13

ganglioside

Answer 13

glycolipid attached to multiple carbohydrates

Question 13

vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency

Answer 13

pellagra
- dermatitis
- diarrhea
- dementia

Question 14

vitamin C deficiency (ascorbic acid)

Answer 14

scurvy
- easy bruising
- collagen synthesis defect

Question 15

folate (B9) deficiency

Answer 15

• neural tube defects
• megaloblastic anemia

Question 16

megaloblastic anemia: cause, symptoms

Answer 16

cause: diminished purine nucleotide synthesis
- RBC precursors can’t make DNA – can’t divide
- B9 or B12 deficiency

Question 17

vitamin A deficiency

Answer 17

night blindness

Question 17

cobalmin (B12) deficiency

Answer 17

pernicious anemia
- B12 is important for B12 recycling
- needed for AA and fat metabolism, deficiency can lead to neurological symptoms

Question 18

fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 18

K, A, D, E

Question 18

vitamin K deficiency

Answer 18

impaired blood clotting

Question 19

vitamin E deficiency

Answer 19

hemolytic anemia

Question 20

vitamin D activation rxn

Answer 20

Cholecalciferol (D3) –> calcidiol –> calcitriol

Question 21

vitamin D: active form

Answer 21

active: calcitriol
[1,25-diOH-D3]

Question 22

7-dehydrocholesterol

Answer 22

endogenous vitamin precursor
- intermediate in cholesterol synthesis
- converted to cholecalciferol in dermis, epidermis in humans exposed to sunlight

Question 22

vitamin D deficiency

Answer 22

rickets in children
osteomalacia in adults

Question 23

vitamin D funtion

Answer 23

maintains calcium serum levels
- increases Ca2+ uptake by intestine
- increases Ca2+ reabsorption by kidneys
- stimulates resorption of bone when blood Ca2+ is low

Question 24

iron function, types

Answer 24

component of many proteins
ferrous (Fe2+) heme iron
ferric (Fe3+) nonheme ion

Question 25

iron deficiency

Answer 25

microcytic anemia
- lack of hemoglobin, decreased RBC size due to decreased heme synthesis

Question 26

metabolism definition

Answer 26

interconversion of chemical compounds in body
- coupling required to maintain living state

Question 26

metabolic energy storage: locations

Answer 26

ATP: circulating, not stored
Glycogen stored in liver, muscles
Protein stored in muscles
Fat stored in adipose tissue (triacylglycerol)

Question 26

digestive process: oral cavity

Answer 26

breaks food into particles, lubrication, binding, digestion

Question 27

energy extraction from food: stages

Answer 27

1: GI breaks down fuels, creating monomeric building blocks (amino acids)
2: blocks degraded to acetyl-coA
3. TCA cycle oxidizes acetyl-CoA to CO2 –> released energy conserved by reduction of NAD+ to NADH or FADH to FADH2
4: ATP generated via ETC

Question 28

digestive process: stomach

Answer 28

gastric acid denatures proteins and sterilizes foods

Question 28

digestive process: pancreas

Answer 28

secretes most necessary enzymes for digestion in small intestine
- amylases, lipases, proteases, nucleases
has sodium bicarbonate to neutralize gastric acid

Question 29

digestive process: small intestine

Answer 29

digestive enzymes degrade food, absorption by epithelial cells

Question 30

digestive process: liver

Answer 30

secretes bile for lipid emulsification

Question 31

digestive process: large intestine

Answer 31

inhabited by gut flora
finishes water, electrolyte absorption

Question 32

lipid metabolism: lipogenesis

Answer 32

FA synthesis

Question 32

lipid metabolism: lipolysis

Answer 32

breakdown of TAG (burning fat), releasing FA from storage

Question 33

lipid metabolism: triacylglycerol synthesis

Answer 33

synthesis of TAG (major lipid stored in adipose)

Question 34

hydrophilic hormones: examples

Answer 34

growth hormones, proteins, peptides

Question 35

lipophilic hormones: examples

Answer 35

steroids, thyroid hormone, lipid-soluble

Question 36

secondary protein structure determined by

Answer 36

H-bonds

Question 37

tertiary protein structure determined by

Answer 37

side chain interactions (disulfide, + and -, etc.)