S-2 Flashcards
It is a systematic collection, classification, and analysis of data.
Scientific method
A critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation.
Research
Assumptions about population parameters.
Statistical hypothesis
States that, “there is no difference between treatments tested”.
Null Hypothesis
A relatively small part of a population from which information can be derived to be imputed on the population
Sample
This procedure of sampling is done when the researcher seeks for samples needed or desired.
Purposive sampling
Gives a valid estimate of experimental error and minimize bias in results.
Randomization
Repeating the set of treatments to be compared as many times as possible.
Replication
A variation in field experiments due to genetic differences.
Plant variability
Refers to the field plot layout for plant experiments or arrangement of treatments assigned to cages for animal experiments.
Experimental design
What are the kinds of hypothesis
- Null Hypothesis
- Alternative Hypothesis
What are the types of error
- Type I Error
- Type II Error
General types of experiments related to agriculture
A. Field experiments in agronomy
1. Crop Variety Tests
2. Cultural studies
3. Fertilizer experiments
4. Pesticide experiments
5. Crop rotation tests
6. Pasture experiments
7. Perennial crop
8. Greenhouse/pot experiments
9. Breeding to develop new strains or varieties
B. Animal Science
1. Feeding trials
2. Carcass evaluation studies
3. Animal breeding and selection for production traits
4. Ecological studies
5. Processing studies
6. Animal health studies
Sources of variation in field experiments
- Variation due to plant
- Variation due to season
- Soil heterogeneity
Sources of variation in greenhouse studies
- Temperature gradients caused by ventilators or heating pipes
- Shading effects due to structure of the houses, adjacent buildings, or trees
- Moisture differentials caused by water application or by air currents.
- Pot-to-pot variation due to smaller number of plants per pot.
Kinds of statistical variables
*Continuous Variables
* Discrete Variables
Methods of random sampling
- Simple random sampling
- Systematic sampling
- Stratified sampling
The basic principles of experimental design include the following except;
A. Randomization
B. Replication
C. Local control
D. Level of significance
D. Level of significance
Field experiments are subject to errors which can be contributed by the ff. causes except;
A. Pot to pot variation
B. Soil heterogeneity
C. Plant variability
D. Climatic conditions
A. Pot to pot variation
The selection of the level of significance to use depends upon the following factors except;
A. the nature of the study
B. size of population of the study
C. possible economic relationship from the research
D. the number of replication used
B. size and population of the study
The ff. are conditions essential for an adequate hypothesis excluding;
A. hypothesis must posses sufficient clarity
B. hypothesis must be adequate to explain the phenomena
C. hypothesis should afford a reliable means for the prediction of other facts beyond those already known
D. the hypothesis should be as specific as possible
D. the hypothesis should be as specific as possible
Limits of the confidence interval refers to the range of values that one is confident to have included the population mean in the samples taken (F value 0.05)
A. 95% confidence level
B. 99% confidence level
C. 99.9% confidence level
D. 0.05 level of significance
A. 95
Experimental research designs in agriculture are the ff. except;
A. RCBD
B. CRD
C. 2x2 Factorial Experiments
D. Case study
D. Case study
Method of reasoning that makes generalities based on specific observations.
A. inductive
B. deductive
C. generalization
D. specific observations
A. inductive
Method of reasoning that makes a general statement first then looking for specific observations to support the general statement.
A. inductive
B. deductive
C. generalization
D. specific observations
B. deductive
Raw knowledge of certain facts obtained through sense-perception involving the use of the five senses.
A. experimentation
B. observation
C. randomization
D. replication
B. observation
A continuous activity using scientific method.
A. scientific research
B. experimentation
C. research methodology
D. research design
B. experimentation
In planning the research project, it is important that the problem is viewed as a whole and then analyzed by breaking it down into sub units for further investigation.
True or False?
True
Research and scientific method are closely related that one could be the same as the other.
True or False?
True
The end result of the scientific method is science which may be defined as knowledge which is specific and systematic.
True or False?
True
Inferences may be deductive or inductive.
True or False?
True
Observations are made to establish a cause and effect relationship.
True or False?
True
In testing a hypothesis, statistical tools have to be used to analyze the observations.
True or False?
True
Type II error is a false rejection, this rejection of the null hypothesis when in fact it is true.
True or false?
False
Heterogeneity due to the soil can be corrected by conducting experiments under greenhouse conditions.
True or False?
False
Continuous variable is measured by counting or classification.
True or False?
True
A random sample is taken in such way that all individuals which make up a population have an equal chance of being included as a sample.
True or False?
True
