Chapter 1-4 Flashcards
Characteristics of the Objectives
Simple
Measurable
Attainable
Resource-based
Time-bound
Types of Errors
Type I Error, Type II Error
This is false rejection. This rejects the null hypothesis when in fact is true.
Type I Error
This is false acceptance. This is accepting the null hypothesis when actually it is wrong.
Type II Error
An assumption about population parameters.
Statistical hypothesis
A portion of a population in which the researcher can measure.
Sample
An unknown value that is never precisely determined which is a collective measure that describes a population in some manner.
Parameter
The totality of the subject to be studied by the researcher.
Population
Tools developed for the statistical analyses of the data or information.
Statistical tools
A negative premise denotes as H0. States that there is no significant difference between the treatments tested.
Null hypothesis
This denoted H1. It is stated that “there is a difference between the treatments tested.
Alternative hypothesis
Conditions essential for an adequate hypothesis.
1.) Must possess sufficient clarity.
2.) Must be adequate to explain the phenomena.
3.) Should be a reliable means for the prediction of other facts beyond those already known.
4.) Should be as simple as possible and still be adequate.
A valid research must test an ________.
Adequate hypothesis
The researcher must be as ________ as possible and must base his conclusions on the data or observations gathered and analyzed.
Objective
___________ operate together to formulate and prove the hypothesis.
Deduction & Induction
_________ a tentative answer to a problem, a prerequisite for effective controlled observation, and occurs in both deductive and inductive reasoning.
Hypothesis
A process of reasoning whereby the mind starts from one or more propositions and passes to another proposition(s) , the truth of which is believed to imply by that of the former.
Inference
Inferences may be ___________.
Inductive or Deductive
Making a general statement first then looking for specific observations to support the general statement.
Deductive
The conclusion and the process of reasoning taken together which moves from general to specific.
Deductive
The _______ method of reasoning is the making of generalities based on specific observations.
inductive
The kind of inference wherein the researcher moves from the “unknown” to “known” and is aided by statistical tools to estimate the level of confidence
Inductive
It is based on incomplete evidence because it is impossible to study all the cases or subjects of the type of phenomenon under investigation.
Induction
It is a condition, event, or circumstance of some type that exists prior to some other event or phenomenon of another type.
Antecedent
_____ is the event of the second type or dependent variable or outcome.
Effect
It is the cause or event of the first or independent variable.
Antecedent
____________ are “raw” perceptions by the five senses.
Observation
Types of Observation
Bare and Controlled
Are phenomena under investigation generally not subject to control.
Bare Observations
The subject matter under investigation can be manipulated under regulated conditions.
Controlled Observations
_____ can be looked upon as systematized knowledge or the procedure by which knowledge is acquired.
Science
___ is a concise statement that summarizes a collection of facts. This is the generality being aspired for when conducting a research.
Law
______ is a hypothesis relatively well-verified and which possess a useful degree of generality.
Theory
_______ a tentative explanation for observed phenomena.
Hypothesis
______ is a tool of research that harmonizes the design of the study and the analyses of the data or observations gathered.
Statistics
___________ is a systematic collection, classification and analysis of data.
Scientific method
___________ involves experimentation and survey investigations.
Scientific method
This includes the meaning of the facts, their interrelation, and their relation to the existing body of knowledge.
Reasoning
This is the raw knowledge of certain facts obtained through sense-perception.
Observation
_______ is a continuous search of knowledge and understanding
Research
As much as possible research must be _______.
scientific
Sources of variation in greenhouse experiments.
- Temperature gradients
- Shading effects
- Moisture differentials
- Pot-to-pot variation
Sources of variation in field experiments.
- Plant-related variation
- Variations due to seasons
- Soil heterogeneity
The research problems most adapted to greenhouse experiments are:
- Plant disease investigations;
- Residual effects of crops;
- Fertilizer experiments;
- Resistance of plants to low or high temperatures;
- Studies of moisture or light relationships to plant growth or disease incidence.
________ is the failure of repeated observations under similar conditions to be identical.
Experimental error
__________ are conducted to test the hypothesis or sometimes referred to as tools to test the hypothesis.
Experiments
This refers to separate component errors of repeated experiments or chance fluctuations which are either positive or negative.
Random errors
This refers to the algebraic sum of the component error.
Expected errors
Types of experiments
Classical and Scientific experiments
This is an experiment carried out by the researcher who carefully selects experimental materials, manages the practices of the experiment, and draws conclusions directly from the experimental records without using statistical concepts.
Classical experiment
Statistical methods are used not only for experimental data analysis but also for the designing of the lay-out of the experiment.
Scientific experiment
It is the variability among the results or observation of the same treatment in different replication.
Experimental error
The selection of the level of probability/significance to use depends upon the following factors:
1.) The nature of the study or the experiment.
2.) Possible economic relationship from the research.
3.) The number of replications used.
A procedure of sampling done when the researcher seeks for samples needed or desired.
Purposive sampling
This gives for a valid estimate of experimental error and minimize bias in the results.
Randomization.
Repeating the set of treatments to be compared as many times as possible.
Replication
A variation in field experiments caused by genetic differences in plants.
Plant variability
Refers to the plot layout for plant experiments, or the arrangement of treatments assigned to cages for animal experiments.
Experimental design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design:
- Randomization
- Replication
- Local control
