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AGRI 115: Methods of Agricultural Research > Chapter 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of the Objectives

A

Simple
Measurable
Attainable
Resource-based
Time-bound

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2
Q

Types of Errors

A

Type I Error, Type II Error

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3
Q

This is false rejection. This rejects the null hypothesis when in fact is true.

A

Type I Error

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4
Q

This is false acceptance. This is accepting the null hypothesis when actually it is wrong.

A

Type II Error

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5
Q

An assumption about population parameters.

A

Statistical hypothesis

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6
Q

A portion of a population in which the researcher can measure.

A

Sample

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7
Q

An unknown value that is never precisely determined which is a collective measure that describes a population in some manner.

A

Parameter

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8
Q

The totality of the subject to be studied by the researcher.

A

Population

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9
Q

Tools developed for the statistical analyses of the data or information.

A

Statistical tools

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10
Q

A negative premise denotes as H0. States that there is no significant difference between the treatments tested.

A

Null hypothesis

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11
Q

This denoted H1. It is stated that “there is a difference between the treatments tested.

A

Alternative hypothesis

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12
Q

Conditions essential for an adequate hypothesis.

A

1.) Must possess sufficient clarity.
2.) Must be adequate to explain the phenomena.
3.) Should be a reliable means for the prediction of other facts beyond those already known.
4.) Should be as simple as possible and still be adequate.

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13
Q

A valid research must test an ________.

A

Adequate hypothesis

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14
Q

The researcher must be as ________ as possible and must base his conclusions on the data or observations gathered and analyzed.

A

Objective

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15
Q

___________ operate together to formulate and prove the hypothesis.

A

Deduction & Induction

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16
Q

_________ a tentative answer to a problem, a prerequisite for effective controlled observation, and occurs in both deductive and inductive reasoning.

A

Hypothesis

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17
Q

A process of reasoning whereby the mind starts from one or more propositions and passes to another proposition(s) , the truth of which is believed to imply by that of the former.

A

Inference

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18
Q

Inferences may be ___________.

A

Inductive or Deductive

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19
Q

Making a general statement first then looking for specific observations to support the general statement.

A

Deductive

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20
Q

The conclusion and the process of reasoning taken together which moves from general to specific.

A

Deductive

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21
Q

The _______ method of reasoning is the making of generalities based on specific observations.

A

inductive

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22
Q

The kind of inference wherein the researcher moves from the “unknown” to “known” and is aided by statistical tools to estimate the level of confidence

A

Inductive

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23
Q

It is based on incomplete evidence because it is impossible to study all the cases or subjects of the type of phenomenon under investigation.

A

Induction

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24
Q

It is a condition, event, or circumstance of some type that exists prior to some other event or phenomenon of another type.

A

Antecedent

25
Q

_____ is the event of the second type or dependent variable or outcome.

A

Effect

26
Q

It is the cause or event of the first or independent variable.

A

Antecedent

27
Q

____________ are “raw” perceptions by the five senses.

A

Observation

28
Q

Types of Observation

A

Bare and Controlled

29
Q

Are phenomena under investigation generally not subject to control.

A

Bare Observations

30
Q

The subject matter under investigation can be manipulated under regulated conditions.

A

Controlled Observations

31
Q

_____ can be looked upon as systematized knowledge or the procedure by which knowledge is acquired.

A

Science

32
Q

___ is a concise statement that summarizes a collection of facts. This is the generality being aspired for when conducting a research.

A

Law

33
Q

______ is a hypothesis relatively well-verified and which possess a useful degree of generality.

A

Theory

34
Q

_______ a tentative explanation for observed phenomena.

A

Hypothesis

35
Q

______ is a tool of research that harmonizes the design of the study and the analyses of the data or observations gathered.

A

Statistics

36
Q

___________ is a systematic collection, classification and analysis of data.

A

Scientific method

37
Q

___________ involves experimentation and survey investigations.

A

Scientific method

38
Q

This includes the meaning of the facts, their interrelation, and their relation to the existing body of knowledge.

A

Reasoning

39
Q

This is the raw knowledge of certain facts obtained through sense-perception.

A

Observation

40
Q

_______ is a continuous search of knowledge and understanding

A

Research

41
Q

As much as possible research must be _______.

A

scientific

42
Q

Sources of variation in greenhouse experiments.

A
  1. Temperature gradients
  2. Shading effects
  3. Moisture differentials
  4. Pot-to-pot variation
43
Q

Sources of variation in field experiments.

A
  1. Plant-related variation
  2. Variations due to seasons
  3. Soil heterogeneity
44
Q

The research problems most adapted to greenhouse experiments are:

A
  1. Plant disease investigations;
  2. Residual effects of crops;
  3. Fertilizer experiments;
  4. Resistance of plants to low or high temperatures;
  5. Studies of moisture or light relationships to plant growth or disease incidence.
45
Q

________ is the failure of repeated observations under similar conditions to be identical.

A

Experimental error

46
Q

__________ are conducted to test the hypothesis or sometimes referred to as tools to test the hypothesis.

A

Experiments

47
Q

This refers to separate component errors of repeated experiments or chance fluctuations which are either positive or negative.

A

Random errors

48
Q

This refers to the algebraic sum of the component error.

A

Expected errors

49
Q

Types of experiments

A

Classical and Scientific experiments

50
Q

This is an experiment carried out by the researcher who carefully selects experimental materials, manages the practices of the experiment, and draws conclusions directly from the experimental records without using statistical concepts.

A

Classical experiment

51
Q

Statistical methods are used not only for experimental data analysis but also for the designing of the lay-out of the experiment.

A

Scientific experiment

52
Q

It is the variability among the results or observation of the same treatment in different replication.

A

Experimental error

53
Q

The selection of the level of probability/significance to use depends upon the following factors:

A

1.) The nature of the study or the experiment.
2.) Possible economic relationship from the research.
3.) The number of replications used.

54
Q

A procedure of sampling done when the researcher seeks for samples needed or desired.

A

Purposive sampling

55
Q

This gives for a valid estimate of experimental error and minimize bias in the results.

A

Randomization.

56
Q

Repeating the set of treatments to be compared as many times as possible.

A

Replication

57
Q

A variation in field experiments caused by genetic differences in plants.

A

Plant variability

58
Q

Refers to the plot layout for plant experiments, or the arrangement of treatments assigned to cages for animal experiments.

A

Experimental design

59
Q

Basic Principles of Experimental Design:

A
  1. Randomization
  2. Replication
  3. Local control

AGRI 115: Methods of Agricultural Research (3 decks)

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