Rws Flashcards
logical arrangement of ideas
- helps follow ideas easily and understand the text better
-In determining the pattern of development of ideas in a text, note the signal words used.
Pattern of Development
to develop an idea helps to clarify and explain concepts by answering the question “What does it mean?”
Definition
Signal Words for Definition
is defined as
means
to define
as defined
refers to
to illustrate
presents the general statement and then provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea.
Giving examples
Exemplification
Signal Words for Exemplification
after all
for instance
namely
that is
as an example
in other words
put another way
to be specific
consider the following
in particular
specifically
to clarify
for example
in short
stated differently
basically provides details on the idea by using either a sensory or spatial pattern.
Through a sensory pattern, ideas are arranged based on one or all of the five senses. A spatial pattern, on the other hand, arranges ideas by location or physical space.
- DESCRIPTION
Signal Words for Spatial Pattern or Visual Description
above
around
between
in front of
onto
across
away from
beyond
inside
opposite to
adjacent to
back of
by
into
outside
against
behind
down
near
over
along
below
farther
off
throughout
alongside
beneath
here
on
to the right
amidst
beside
in
on top of
under
Sequences events in the order in which they occurred in time.
NARRATION
Signal Words for Narration
Signal Words for Narration
about
before
in the meantime
prior to
tomorrow
after
during
later
second
until
afterwards
eventually
meanwhile
soon
when
as soon as
finally
next
then
yesterday
at
first
next week
till
presently
It explains how something happened, how it works, or how it is made.
PROCESS
A pattern organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from one another.
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
Signal Words for Comparing
Signal Words for Comparing
also
equally
in the same way
similarly
as
in a similar fashion
like
to compare
both
in comparison
likewise
Signal Words for Contrasting
Signal Words for Contrasting
although
despite
instead
otherwise
and yet
even so
however
still
as opposed to
even though
nevertheless
the fact remains
but
in contrast
nonetheless
unlike
conversely
in spite of
on the contrary
whereas
counter to
in the meantime
on the other hand
yet
organizes ideas into categories or divisions based on criteria and standards.
CLASSIFICATION/ DIVISION
Signal Words for Classification
Signal Words for Classification
another
classified as
one kind
the last group
another kind
final type
the first category
the next part
organizes details based on the cause, the reason, and the result or consequences of a certain phenomenon. This pattern may discuss both the causes and effects, the causes only, or the effects only.
CAUSE AND EFFECT
Signal Words for Causes
Signal Words for Causes
as
for
in view of
owing to
because of
for the reason that
in as much as
seeing that
being that
in that
one reason
since
due to
Signal Words for Effects
Signal Words for Effects
accordingly
consequently
in consequence
so that
as a consequence
for this reason
so
therefore
as a result (of this)
hence
so much (so)that
thus
because (of this)
It organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions.
Problem-Solution
Signal Words for Problem-Solution
Signal Words for Problem-Solution
One solution is
The problem
The way is
The solution
One reason for the
First, second
Nonetheless
It organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical conclusion or argument.
. Persuasion
Signal wordsmfor pursuasion
again
for this reason
in fact
in that case
indeed
to emphasize
to reapet
truly
with this mind
again
for this reason in fact
accordingly all in all as a result as I have said
admittedly assuredly certainly granted
foot.com
Signal Words for Emphasizing a Point in that case
to emphasize
indeed
to repeat
truly
with this in mind
Signal Words for Concluding and Summarizing consequently due to finally
in any event
in brief in conclusion in short in summary
inevitably
on the whole since in essence
Signal Words for Conceding a Point it is true that
obviously
needless to say
of course
no doubt
to be sure
in a nutshell therefore thus
to sum up
true undoubtedly unquestionably
are formed when atoms lose, accept or share electrons.
CHEMICAL BONDS
It exists between metal and non-metal atoms where metal loses electron/s while nonmetal accepts the electron/s donated by metal
Ionic bond
When two nonmetal atoms combine, neither of them loses or gains electron. Instead, electron pairs are being shared by both atoms and the type of chemical bond formed is called
COVALENT BOND
refers to the way in which atoms bond with each other.
POLARITY
≥1.7
Ionic
Polar Covalent
0.5 to 1.6
≤ 0.4
Nonpolar Covalent
is formed when electrons are shared unequally by two atoms in a compound.
polar covalent bond
means “two poles” which means that a molecule has one positive end and one negative end.
Dipole
develops if both atoms equally share a pair of electrons between them.
This occurs when the bonding atoms have approximately equal EN value or equal ability to attract electrons to each side.
Nonpolar covalent bond
is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of an electron, electron pair, or (less commonly) nucleons. An orbital may also be called an atomic orbital or electron orbital.
Orbital
The purpose of the mathematical function is to map the probability of the location of an electron in a region around (or theoretically inside) an atomic nucleus.
ORBITALS
- The center of the atom is called the nucleus.
- Electrons are found in areas called shells. A shell is sometimes called an energy level.
SHELL BASICS
SHELL BASICS
- Shells are areas that surround the center of an atom.
- Each of those shells has a name (K,L,M…).
Chemists use an
Chemists use an “n” value, or the letters K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q. The “K” shell is the one closest to the nucleus, and “Q” is the farthest away.
The “l” values tell you what
suborbital an electron found im
You will see the lowercase letters s, p, d, f, g, and h for the
suborbitals
of an atom is the representation of the arrangement of electrons distributed among the orbital shells and subshells.
The electron configuration
always fill orbitals of lower energy first. 1s is filled before 2s, and 2s before 2p.
Electrons
are the electrons in the outermost shell, or energy level, of an atom.
Valence electrons
can be drawn for any covalently bonded molecule, as well as coordination compounds.
A Lewis structure
VSEPR
VALANCE SHELL ELECTRON PAIR REPULSION
theory proposes that the geometric arrangement of terminal atoms, or groups of atoms about a central atom in a covalent compound, or charged ion, is determined solely by the repulsions between electron pairs present in the valence shell of the central atom.
VSEPR
This is the angle between a bonded atom, the central atom, and another bonded atom.
BOND ANGLE
This refers to a pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom
LONE PAIR
This is the 3-D arrangement of bonded atoms in a polyatomic ion or molecule.
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
This is the 3-D arrangement of electron pairs around the central atom of a polyatomic ion or molecule.
ELECTRON PAIR GEOMETRY
states no two electrons within a particular atom can have identical quantum numbers. In function, this principle means that if two electrons occupy the same orbital, they must have opposite spin.
The Pauli Exclusion Principle
- is the tendency of the atom to attract electrons to itself when chemically combined with another atom
- the higher the value of negativity, the more it tends to attract electrons toward itself
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
increases within period (from left to right) excluding the noble gases.
- decreases within a group (from top to bottom) excluding the noble gases
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule
Lewis dot structures
In covalent bonding, atoms shared ve in order to get a full octet (or duet for H) that is every non-metal element want 8 ve except for H who only wants 2 ve.
LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
The number of ve the atom has, dictates how many bonds it tends to form. Example C likes to form 4 bonds
LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
SHELL
EL
El
Werngy level
LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
STEPS IN DRAWING
- Count all the valence electrons.
2Determine the central atom (the all the other atom will be bonded to; usually the element there is only 1 of.
- Draw single bonds to the central atom
- Put all remaining v e on atoms as lone pairs .
- Turn lone pairs into double or triple bonds to give every atom an octet (or duet
STEPS IN DRAWING
The direction of the arrow is always pointing from
a more electropositive pole to the more electronegative pole.
becomes the partial negative pole (symbolized as ẟ-) while the atom with the lower EN value becomes the partially positive (symbolized as ẟ+) pole
EN value
Higher EN value
PARTIAL NEGATIVE POLE 8-
LOWER EN VALUE
PARTIALLY POSITIVE POLE 8+
