RVT - Tissues of the body Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 main types of tissues?
A
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
2
Q
What does Apical surface refer to?
A
Facing lumen or outside of body
3
Q
What does Basal surface refer to?
A
Faces the Basal lamina and blood vessels
4
Q
What are junctional complexes?
A
The lateral surface that connects cell to cell
5
Q
What are the 4 main types of cell junction?
A
Tight
Desmosome
Gap
Adhering
6
Q
What is the layer of protein on top
of skin called?
A
Keratinized
7
Q
What is a tight junction and where in the
body might we find this junction?
A
Fusion of 2 cell membranes.
Found in the Bladder
8
Q
What is a desmosome junction and where
in the body would we find this?
A
Mechanical coupling formed by filaments
that interlock. Found in tissues that repeatedly
stretch.
Skin Heart Uterus
9
Q
What is a gap junction and where in the
body could it be found?
A
Tubular channel proteins that extend from
the cytoplasm of one cell to another.
Allows exchange of ions
Smooth muscle tissue heart epithelium
10
Q
What is an adhering junction and where
in the body would it be found?
A
Found just below tight junctions,
Structurally provide mechanical strength
Epithelium tissues heart
11
Q
What are hemidesmosomes?
A
They are junctions that allow a bit of stretching but adhere cell to base
12
Q
Where are simple squamous epithelium found?
A
Lungs
Kidney glomerulus
Capillaries
13
Q
Where are simple cuboidal epithelium
found?
A
Small excretory ducts
Lines kidney tubules
Ovaries
14
Q
Where are simple columnar epithelium
found?
A
Stomach
Large and small Intestines
15
Q
Where are stratified squamous cells
found?
A
Mouth
Esophagus
Skin
16
Q
Where are stratified cuboidal
epithelium found?
A
Salivary glands
17
Q
Where are stratified columnar
epithelium found?
A
Found in some parts of respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems.
18
Q
Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?
A
Trachea
19
Q
Where is transitional epithelium found?
A
Urinary Bladder
20
Q
What glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream and lymphatic system?
A
Endocrine?
21
Q
In the classification of exocrine glands, what does a simple duct refer to?
A
The main duct is unbranched
22
Q
In the classification of exocrine glands, what does a compound duct refer to?
A
The main duct is branched
23
Q
What are the 2 types of secretions produced by exocrine glands?
A
Serous
Mucous
24
Q
Which exocrine gland secretion is composed of glycoproteins?
A
Mucous secretions
25
Which exocrine gland secretion is composed of a high concentration of enzymes?
Serous secretions
26
Are serous exocrine secretions watery or thick and viscous?
Watery
27
Which exocrine gland releases the entire contents of its cell?
Holocrine gland
| the wHOLe thing
28
Which exocrine gland releases its secretions through exocytosis?
Merocrine gland
| ( a mere amount)
29
Which exocrine gland releases its secretions by releasing the top portion of the cell into the duct system?
Apocrine gland
| APiece of the gland
30
Holocrine glands release what type of secretion?
Thick, viscous
| Composed of glycoproteinss
31
Where in the body are simple tubular exocrine glands found?
Intestines
32
Where in the body are simple branched tubular exocrine glands found?
Tongue
| Stomach
33
Where in the body are simple coiled tubular exocrine glands found?
Sweat glands
34
Where in the body are simple branched alveolar exocrine glands found?
Sebaceous glands
35
Where in the body are Compound tubular exocrine glands found?
Mucous glands in the mouth
| Testes
36
Where in the body are compound tubuloalveolar exocrine glands found?
Pancreas
Glands of respiratory passages
Salivary glands of mouth
37
Where in the body are compound alveolar exocrine glands found?
Mammary glands
38
What are the 4 types of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
39
What are the 2 subdivisions of connective tissue proper
Loose ( areolar, Adipose, Reticular)
| Dense ( Regular, Irregular, Elastic)
40
What are the 3 loose connective tissues?
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
41
Where in the body would we find areolar tissue?
Subcutaneous layer of skin
42
What is the predominate cell in areolar tissue?
Fibroblast
43
Where in the body would we find Adipose tissue?
Found under skin and around most organs
44
What is the predominate cell in adipose tissues?
Adipocytes
45
Where in the body would we find reticular tissues?
Bone Marrow
| Around the liver, kidneys, spleen and lymph nodes
46
What is the predominate cell found in reticular tissue?
Reticular cells = a type of fibroblast
47
What are the 3 types of Dense connective tissue?
Regular
Irregular
Elastic
48
Do dense connective tissues heal quickly?
No. They are avascular so healing is slow.
49
Where in the body do we find dense regular connective tissue?
Tendons
Ligaments
Fascial sheets that cover muscles
50
What is the predominate cell in dense connective tissue?
Fibroblasts
51
Where in the body would we find Dense Irregular connective tissue?
Forms tough capsule of joints
Found in dermis of the skin
Fibrous coverings of many organs
52
Which connective tissue is composed primarily of collagen fibers arranged in thick bundles?
Dense irregular connective tissue
53
Which connective tissue is composed of tightly packed PARALLEL collagen fibers?
Dense regular connective tissue
54
Where in the body would we find elastic connective tissue?
Spaces between vertebrae
| Areas of body that require stretching...walls of arteries, stomach, bladder, bronchi
55
What are the 3 types of Cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
56
What is the most common type of cartilage found in the body and where is it found?
```
Hyaline -
End of long bones ( joints)
Growth plates
tracheal rings
Where ribs connect to sternum
```
57
Where in the body would we find elastic cartilage?
Epiglottis of the larynx
| Pinnae of the ears
58
Where in the body would we find fibrocartilage?
Between the discs of the vertebrae
| meniscus of the knee join and TMJ
59
Is cartilage vascular?
Nope
60
Bone can be divided into 2 categories
Cortical bone - compact
| Cancellous bone - spongy
61
What are the primary cells in bones?
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
62
What cell can become inactive but reactivate as needed?
Osteocyte
63
Are bones vascular or Avascular?
Vascular
64
Which bone cell digest the matrix?
Osteoclast
65
What substances make up the matrix of bones?
Organic collagen fibers
| Inorganic calcium salts
66
What are the major matrix producing cells in cartilage?
Chondrocytes
67
In what connective tissue are the fibers tightly packed with very little ground substance present?
Dense connective tissue
68
What makes up the matrix of blood?
Ground substance - plasma
| Fibrous component - protein
69
What 3 cells are present in blood?
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
70
What happens in the matrix of compact bone?
It becomes solidified/calcified
71
What % of the blood is made up of Plasma?
55% ( 90% of that is water)
72
What cell deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide?
Erythrocytes
73
What is the average life span of a RBC?
120 days
74
Which blood cell is responsible for releasing histamines?
Basophil
75
Which blood cell is not fully mature?
Monocyte
76
Which WBC is the most abundant making up 60-80% of wbc presence in the blood?
Neutrophil
77
Which blood cell have 'B' cells that contain antibodies to kill cells that contain bacteria?
Lymphocyte
78
Which sticky, non nucleated and irregularly shaped blood cell makes up 5-7% of our total blood volume?
Thrombocyte
79
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
80
Where is smooth muscle found?
Make up walls of organs and blood vessels
81
Which muscle tissue is non striated in appearance?
Smooth muscle
82
Which muscle tissue is multi-nucleated?
Skeletal muscle
83
Which muscles work involuntarily?
Heart
| Smooth muscle
84
What happens to the 'z' line when muscles contract?
Move closer together
85
What 2 things are muscle tissue made up of?
Myosin
| Actin
86
What is the sarcomere?
A structural unit of a myofibril in striated muscle
87
What happens to the sarcomere when the muscle relaxes?
The 'z' line moves out from the middle
88
What are the 3 primary parts of nervous tissue?
Perikaryon
Dendrites
Axon
89
What 2 cells are found in nervous tissue?
Neurons
| neuroglia
90
What is the space between the axon called?
Synapse
91
What are the short cytoplasmic extensions that receive impulses in nervous tissue?
Dendrites
92
What are the long, single extensions that conduct impulses away from the cell body
Axons
93
Where is nervous tissue found in the body?
Brain
Spinal column
Peripheral nerves
94
What is the longest cell found in the body?
Neuron
95
What would cause an increase in temperature when inflammation occurs in a body?
Basophils releasing histamines
96
What affect can inflammation have on nervous tissue?
Heat can kill neurons
97
What does the presence of 'pus' indicate?
Dead wbc's - when bacteria kills the wbc's
98
What cells are found in liver tissues?
Hepatocytes
99
What cells are found lining the 'Bowman's capsule?'
Squamous epithelial cells
100
What are the nerve 'helper' cells?
Neuroglials
101
What is the difference between keratinized and non-keratinized epithelial tissue?
Keratinized epithelial cells are dead and lack a nucleus. Non- keratinized occur when surface epithelial cells are alive.
102
Which epithelial tissue consists of several layers of cells which separate an open space from a basal lamina? The surface cells are flat while the basal cells are rounded, square or tall.
Transitional epithelium
103
What cell/cells secrete a watery fluid?
Serous
104
What cell produces mucous?
Goblet cell
105
Most glands are multicellular. Only one important one is not...what cell is this?
Goblet cell
106
An exocrine gland whose ducts branch is called what?
Compounded
107
An exocrine gland whose secretory units are elongated is.....?
Tubular
108
Which exocrine gland cell ruptures, spilling its contents into the duct?
Holocrine
109
What fibrous proteins in connective tissues when stretched can snap back to their original shape?
Elastic
110
What is the epithelial membrane that encloses the entire body?
Cutaneous membrane
111
What are the membranes called that line the body cavities that are open to the exterior of the body?
Mucous membranes
112
What are the double-layered epithelial membranes that line the unexposed body cavities, preventing friction between organs?
Serous membranes
113
List 5 major functions of epithelium tissue and an example of each
Protection - skin covering body surface protects against bacterial infection
Absorption- Stomach and intestinal linings absorb nutrients
Filtration- In kidney tubules
Excretion - glands excrete sweat
Secretion- chemical enzymes releases into body
114
On what basis are epithelial tissues classified?
Number of layers
| Cell shape
115
What MAJOR tissue type lines body cavities and covers the body's external surfaces?
Epithelium
116
What Major tissue type pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body and allows one to swing a bat?
Muscle tissue
117
What major tissue type anchors, packages and supports body organs?
Connective tissue
118
What major tissue type has cells that may absorb, excrete and fliter?
Epithelial tissues
119
What major tissue type is most involved in regulating and controlling body functions?
Nervous tissue
120
What major tissue type synthesizes hormones?
Epithelial tissue
121
What major tissue type is the most durable tissue type?
Connective tissue
122
What major tissue type is abundant with non-living extracellular matrix?
Connective tissue
123
What major tissue type is the most widespread tissue in the body?
Connective tissue
124
How does the function of stratified epithelium differ from the function of simple epithelium?
Simple is only one layer so it doesnt provide as much protection as stratified epithelium
125
Stratified epithelium are named by the cell shape on which surface of the epithelial membrane?
Apical
126
Where is ciliated epithelium found? What role does it play?
Can be found in the lining of the trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract. Moves mucous and debris away from lung tissue
127
How do the endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function?
Endocrine glands are ductless and function to release hormones into the extracellular fluid.
Exocrine have ducts and they secrete through the ducts to an epithelail surface.
128
What epithelial cell type lines the esophogus?
Stratified squamous
129
What epithelial cells line the stomach?
Simple columnar
130
What epithelial cells line the colon?
Simple columnar
131
What epithelial cells line the alveolar lining of the lungs?
Simple squamous
132
What epithelial cells line the tubules of the kidneys?
Simple cuboidal
133
What epithelial cells make up the epidermis of the skin?
Stratified squamous
134
What epithelial cells line the bladder?
Transitional cells
135
What epithelial cells form the thin serous membranes?
Simple squamous
136
What are the general characteristics of connective tissue?
Rich supply of blood vessels
Composed of many cells
They have a great deal of non-cellular, non-living material between the cells of the connective tissue
137
What functions are performed by connective tissues?
Protection
Support
Binding of tissues to the body
138
What tissue connects bone to bone and muscles to bone?
Dense regular connective tissue
139
What connective tissue acts as a storage depot for fat?
Adipose
140
What tissue makes up the dermis of the skin?
Dense irregular connective tissue
141
What tissue makes up the intervertebral discs?
Dense fibrocartilage tissue
142
What tissue makes up the hip bone?
Osseus
143
What tissue composes basement membranes: a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix?
Areolar loose connective tissue
144
What tissue forms the larynx, the costal cartilage of the ribs and the embryonic skeleton?
Hyaline cartilage
145
What tissue provides a flexible framework for the external ear?
Elastic cartilage
146
What tissue is a firm structurally amorphous matrix invaded with fibers: appears glassy and smooth?
Hyaline cartilage
147
What tissue has a matrix hard owing to calcium salts: provides levers for muscles to act on?
Osseus
148
What tissue insulates against heat loss?
Adipose loose connective tissue
149
What tissue makes up the walls of the large arteries?
Elastic dense connective tissue
150
What cell has a 'signet ring' appearence?
Adipocyte
151
What 2 physiological characteristics are highly developed in neurons, nerve cells?
Irritability
| Conductivity
152
In what ways are neurons similar to other cells?
They contain a nucleus and the usual organelles
153
How are neurons different from other cells?
Their cytoplasm is drawn out into long processes
154
What muscle tissue is found attached to bone?
Skeletal muscle
155
What tissue allows you to redirect your eyes?
Skeletal muscle
156
What muscle tissue is found in the walls of the stomach, uterus and arteries?
Smooth muscle
157
What muscle tissue contains spindle shaped cells?
Smooth
158
What muscle tissue contains branching cylindrical cells?
Cardiac muscle
159
What muscle tissue contains long, nonbranching cylindrical cells?
Skeletal muscle
160
What muscle tissue has intercalated discs?
Cardiac muscle
