RVT - The Amazing Cell Flashcards
What organelle is responsible for free radical detoxification?
Peroxisome
Name the threadlike structures in the nucleus that contain genetic material?
Chromatin
Attached to the membrane systems or scattered in the cytoplasm: the site for protein synthesis….
Ribosomes
Membranous system consisting of flattened sacs and vesicles: packages proteins for export…..
Golgi Apparatus
What organelle is known as the powerstation of the cell?
Mitochondria
What organelles are responsible for joining amino acids together to make proteins?
Ribosomes
What organs of the body would have cells with large numbers of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Testes, Ovaries, sebaceous glands
Hepatocytes would have large numbers of what organelle?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
In what organelle is oxygen reduced and broken down into water?
Mitochondria
Muscle cells need lots of energy, what organelles would be plentiful in these cells?
Mitochondria
What organelle is responsible for cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
In what organelle are proteins made, modified and transported?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
In what organelle would steroids be held and stored?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What is the importance of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
It supports the cell and gives it rigidity
What is a prokaryotic cell missing that the eukaryotic cell has?
A nucleus
How are chromosomes formed?
Protein and DNA combine to form chromosomes
What do integral proteins do?
Channel molecules across the cell membrane
What are hydrophilic heads made of?
Glycerol, 2 fatty acids and phosphates
Are hydrophilic parts of the plasma membrane repelled or attracted to water
Attracted to water
Are hydrophobic parts of the plasma membrane repelled or attracted to water?
Repelled by water
Which cell organelles make lysosomes?
Golgi Apparatus
At which stage of the cell cycle is DNA formed?
Synthetic phase
What organelle is known as ‘the garbage collector?’
Lysosome
Where are ribosomes made?
Nucleolus
What part of an anima cell can only be seen under the electron microscope?
Mitochondria
The 2 main components of an animal cell membrane are….
Fat and proteins
Cytokinesis takes place after what mitotic phase?
Telophase
What kills most cells?
Build up of hydrogen when free radicals build up and peroxisomes can’t keep up.
What are 3 subdivisions of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
What is the difference between a vesicle and a coated vesicle
Vesicle enters cell through pino or phago……Coated vesicle enters through receptor- mediated endocytosis
What is the importance of the ‘S’ phase of the cell cycle?
That is when DNA is formed
What are the 4 methods of passive transport?
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Dialysis
If a, substance is passing from a low to high concentration, what mode of transport would be necessary?
Active transport
If a substance is passing from a high to a low concentration, what mode of transport would be required?
Passive transport
What molecule is associated with osmosis?
Water
What type of transport is important for removing molecules such as glucose, amino acids and sodium out of urine?
Active transport
What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
Endo - into cell
Exo - out of cell
Once endocytosis allows large particles into the cell, what organelle is responsible for breaking it down into smaller particles?
Lysosome
What affect does a hypotonic solution have on a RBC?
Causes it to swell
What is haemolysis?
The bursting of an RBC
What affect does a hypertonic solution have on an RBC?
Causes the cell to shrink - crenation
What affect does an isotonic solution have on an RBC?
No net movement of water = normal saline
What organelle is considered the ‘suicide sac’ of the cell?
Lysosome : contains digestive enzymes
Which organelle destroys hydrogen peroxide and converts it into H2O and O2
Peroxisome
In what organ of the body may we find cells with large numbers of peroxisomes?
Liver
What organelle provides the contractile element of the cell?
Microfilaments
What tissue in the body would contain cells with a high number of microfilaments?
Muscle
What organelle is two rod shaped bodies near the nucleus, associated with the formation of the mitotic spindle?
Centrioles
Scattered throughout the cell: major site of ATP synthesis?
Mitochondria
Slender extensions of the plasma membrane that extend its surface area?
Microvilli
What are the 2 major periods of the life cycle of a cell?
Interphase: G1 /S/G2
Mitosis: Prophase/Metaphase/Anaphase/Telophase
What is the difference between excretion and secretion?
Excretion - the removal of waste products out of the cell
Secretion- Movement of manufactured products from inside of cell to outside of cell
What is the difference between the pleura and the peritoneum?
The pleura lines the cavity of the thorax
The peritoneum lines the cavity of the abdomen
What membrane that covers the organs themselves inside the thoracic and abdominal cavities is called…..
Visceral layer
Where are ribosomes manufactured in the cell?
Nucleolus
Where is the parietal lining in the body?
Between the visceral layer that directly cover the organs and the pleura or peritoneum that lines the cavity
Is diffusion an active or passive process and what molecules are most likely to diffuse?
Passive
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide
How is facilitated diffusion different from simple diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion requires an integral protein or carrier protein from the bilayer of the cell membrane to transport a substance .
What is histology?
Study of the microscopic structures of tissues and organs
What cells replicate by meiosis?
Reproductive cells
What happens in prophase?
Nucleus at opposite ends of cell disintegrate
Centrioles form spindle fibers
Chromatin strands coil and condense to form chromosomes
What happens in metaphase?
Individual chromosomes line up in the middle of cell and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
What happens in anaphase?
Chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers to form a duplicate set of chromosomes
The cytoplasm constricts at the metaphyseal plate
What happens in Telophase
Chromatin begins to unravel at the poles of the cell
A nuclear envelope appears
Cleavage furrow deepens
What is does membrane potential refer to?
The number of negative and positive charges on the 2 sides of the membrane
Membrane potential is determined by what 3 factors?
- the concentration of the ions on the inside and outside of the cell
- the permeability of the cell membrane to these ions
- the activity of electrogenic pumps that maintain the ion concentrations across the membrane
Cellular interactions with the environment are controlled by which region of the cell?
The plasma membrane
Receptors in the cell’s surface tend to be made of…
Protein
What membrane junction allows force to be passed from cell to cell without separation of or damage to, the cellular membranes
Desmosome
What membrane junction contains hollow channels within them that allow ions to pass through from cell to cell?
Gap junctions
What is the difference between a globular protein and a receptor protein when diffusing molecules through the plasma membrane?
Globular proteins form a tunnel that specific molecules can travel through. Receptor proteins bind to a molecule and change shape so that unbinding occurs on the opposite side of the membrane
If a molecule needs a receptor protein to pass through a cell membrane, what kind of diffusion is this?
Facilitated diffusion
When water moves from an area of more water to an area of less water, the process is called….
osmosis ( passive transport)
______ is the passage of liquids and solutes through membranes due to differences in pressure, a process which is important in the kidney.
Filtration
A difference in the number of positive and negative charges on the 2 sides of a membrane is called?
Membrane potential
The 2 major ions responsible for the membrane potential in human cells are__________
Na and K
What carbohydrate rich macromolecules in the cell membrane sense contact with other cells and with surfaces and adhere to other cells and surfaces?
Glycocalyx
What is an inclusion?
Any particle seen in the cell’s cytoplasm seen with light microscopy.
What organelle is responsible for calcium storage and release?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The organelles within the cell whose main functions are digestion and hydrolysis….
Lysosomes
The organelles which isolate hazardous chemical reactions within the cell…….
Peroxisomes
Cellular projections that allow the cell to move through the environment….formed by microtubules
Flagella, cilia, pseudopod
Replication or division of the nucleus is called….
Telophase
Non functioning organelles are broken down by what organelle?
Lysosome
What mitotic phase begins when chromosome movement stops?
Telophase
What is the shortest phase of mitosis?
Anaphase
What is the relationship between hydrostatic pressure and filtration?
Filtration is based on a pressure gradient. Liquids may be pushed through a membrane if the pressure on one side is greater than that on the other side. The force that pushes the liquid is called hydrostatic pressure.
What is another name for hydrostatic pressure in the body?
Blood pressure
How do electrolytes enter the cell?
Active transport without the assistance of a concentration gradient.
What is the difference between a symport and antiport system?
Many active transport systems move more than one substance at a time. If all the substances are moving in the same direction it is called a symport system. How some are transported in one direction while others are transported in the opposite is called antiport.
