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RVT- Anatomy II > RVT- Endocrine > Flashcards

RVT- Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

How does the nervous system convey its information?

A

High speed electrical signals along specialized cells called neurons. These signals regulate other cells

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2
Q

How does the endocrine system convey its messages?

A

Secrete hormones that coordinate slower but longer lasting responses

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3
Q

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

A

Produce hormones

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4
Q

How do hormones travel through the body?

A

Through the blood stream but only affecting tissues that have specific target receptors

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5
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine glands?

A

Primary only produce hormones

Secondary produce hormones and other products

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6
Q

What are examples of primary endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary
Thyroid
Pineal
Parathyroid

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7
Q

What are examples of secondary endocrine glands?

A 
Pancreas
Hypothalamus
Thymus
Liver
Kidneys
Stomach
Duodenum
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8
Q

What are the 5 methods of intercellular communication by secreted hormones?

A 
Endocrine signalling
Paracrine signalling
Autocrine signalling
Synaptic signalling
Neuroendocrine signalling
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9
Q

What is endocrine signalling?

A

Cell to cell

Blood vessels are involved

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10
Q

What is paracrine signalling?

A

Cell/organ releases hormones into interstitial tissues
No blood vessels involved
Short distances

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11
Q

What is autocrine signalling?

A

The cell produces hormones and uses it within itself
No blood vessels involved
Short distances

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12
Q

What is synaptic signalling?

A

Not using hormones

Synaptic signals within neurotransmitters using chemicals

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13
Q

What is neuro-endocrine signalling?

A

Uses neurotransmitters as well as hormones. Involves the use of blood vessels. Starts with nervous system and ends in non-nervous.

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14
Q

What is the most common method of intercellular communication by secreted hormones?

A

Endocrine

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15
Q

What are the 3 chemical classes of hormones?

A

Polypeptides ( hydrophilic)
Steroids (hydrophobic)
Amines

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16
Q

What is an example of a polypeptide?

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Growth hormone
Prolactin

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17
Q

What is an example of a steroid hormone?

A

Cortisol
Testosterone
Estrogen

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18
Q

What is an example of an amine hormone?

A

Epinephrine
Norenephrine
Thyroxine
Dopamine

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19
Q

What is the significance of the steroid class of hormone in relation to their structure?

A

The steroidal hormones are hydrophobic and can easily pass into the nucleus of the cell affecting the RNA
They can change cell function.

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20
Q

How do hydrophilic hormones affect cells?

A

They attach to the cell membrane but require a receptor to bring them into the cell.
Not dangerous to the cell.

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21
Q

Where are amine hormones produced?

A

The medulla of the adrenal glands

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22
Q

What long term processes are the endocrine system responsible for?

A

Development of the animals growth and reproduction.

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23
Q

Most hormones circulate freely and do not last long. How do they get broken down and eliminated in the body?

A

Liver and kidneys as well as enzymes in the plasma or interstitial fluid

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24
Q

How can a hormone be maintained in the body longer?

A

Some hormones are bound to a carrier molecule that increases their duration in the body. Once released from the carrier, they get broken down.

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25
Q

What are the 2 hormones that the hypothalamus produces?

A

Oxytocin

Anti-diuretic hormone

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26
Q

Where are these hormones stored?

A

The posterior pituitary gland

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27
Q

What is the negative feedback loop?

A

It is a reaction that causes a decrease in function. Occurs in response to a hormonal stimulus

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28
Q

The pituitary is an example of a primary or secondary gland?

A

Primary

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29
Q

What gland is considered the master gland?

A

Pituitary

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30
Q

What are parathyroid glands?

A

Very tiny glands embedded within the thyroid gland

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31
Q

What is the hormone that is produced by the medulla of the adrenal gland?

A

Epinephrine

Norenephrine

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32
Q

What gland is the only one to have a direct link to the brain?

A

Pituitary gland

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33
Q

What is the natural cascade for hormone production?

A

The hypothalamus sends a message to the pituitary gland. Pituitary then communicates with the appropriate gland to address the problem

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34
Q

Which body system detects low metabolism?

A

The brain

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35
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate to the pituitary gland to encourage thyroid hormone production?

A

The hypothalamus sends out thyroid releasing factor to the pituitary gland. The P gland produces thyroid stimulating hormone which goes to the thyroid which stimulates it to produce the hormone.

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36
Q

What 2 hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary gland and what are they known as?

A

Oxytocin
ADH
Known as neurohormones

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37
Q

What does oxytocin do and what regulates it?

A

It stimulates contraction of uterus as well as stimulation of mammary glands to ‘let down’ milk
Regulated by nervous system

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38
Q

What does anti-diuretic hormone do?

What regulates it?

A

Promotes retention of water by the kidneys

Regulated by water/salt balance

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39
Q

What hormones are found in the anterior pituitary gland?

A 
Follicular stimulating hormone
Leutinizing hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Growth  hormone
Prolactin
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40
Q

What does growth hormone do and what regulates it?

A 
Stimulates growth (esp bones) and metabolic function.
Regulated by hypothalamic
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41
Q

What does prolactin do?

Regulated by?

A

Stimulates milk production and excretion.

Regulated by hypothalamic hormones

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42
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone do?

Regulated by?

A

Stimulates production of ova and sperm.

Regulated by hypothalamic hormones

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43
Q

What does the thyroid stimulating hormone do?

Regulated by?

A

Stimulates the thyroid gland.

Regulated by hypothalamic hormones

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44
Q

What does the adrenocorticotropic hormone do?

Regulated by?

A

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.

Regulated by the hypothalamic hormones.

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45
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce?

A

T3 and T4

Calcitonin

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46
Q

What do T3 and T4 do?

What regulates them?

A

Stimulate and maintain metabolic processes.

Regulated by thyroid stimulating hormone

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47
Q

What does calcitonin do?

Regulated by?

A

Lowers blood calcium level

Regulated by calcium in the blood

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48
Q

What hormone is produced by the parathyroid gland?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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49
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

Regulated by?

A

Raises the blood calcium level

Regulated by calcium in the blood

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50
Q

What two hormones regulate blood calcium levels?

A

Parathyroid hormone

Calcitonin

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51
Q

What hormones are produced in the pancreas?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

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52
Q

What does insulin do?

Regulated by?

A

Lowers blood glucose level

Regulated by glucose in the blood

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53
Q

What does glucagon do?

Regulated by?

A

Raises blood glucose level.

Regulated by glucose in the blood

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54
Q

What hormones are produced by the adrenal glands?

A

Medulla - epinephrine and Norenephrine

Cortex- Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

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55
Q

What does epinephrine and Norenephrine do?

Regulated by?

A

Raise blood glucose levels
Increase metabolic activities
Constrict certain blood vessels
*regulated by nervous system

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56
Q

What 4 hormones are involved in raising blood glucose levels?

A

Epinephrine
Norenephrine
Glucagon
Glucocorticoids

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57
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

Regulated by?

A

Raise blood glucose levels

Regulated by ACTH

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58
Q

What do mineralocorticoids do?

Regulated by?

A

Promote sodium reabsorption
Promote potassium secretion
*Raise sodium levels, Lower potassium levels
Regulated by potassium in the blood and angiotensin II

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59
Q

What hormone is regulated by angiotensin II?

A

Mineralocorticoids

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60
Q

What hormones are produced in the gonads?

A

Testes- Androgen
Ovaries- Estrogen
Progestin

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61
Q

What do androgens do? What is the primary androgen?

Regulated by?

A

Support sperm formation

Promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

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62
Q

What do estrogens do?

Regulated by?

A

Stimulate uterine lining growth
Promote development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics
Regulated by FSH and LH

63
Q

What do progestins do?

Regulated by?

A

Promote uterine lining growth

Regulated by FSH and LH

64
Q

What two systems maintain homeostasis in the body?

A

Nervous system and the endocrine system

65
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland produce?

What regulates it?

A

Melatonin

Dark and light cycles

66
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

Involved in biological rhythms

67
Q

What are the 6 differences between the posterior and anterior pituitary glands?

A

Size (Anterior is larger)
Color (Anterior is reddish/Posterior is white)
Type of connection
Hormones production ( one produces/one does not)
Posterior has faster reaction time due to nerves
Names - Hypothesis/hypophesis

68
Q

What is the other name for the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Hypothesis and Adenohypophysis

69
Q

What is the other name for the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Hypophysis and neurohypophysis

70
Q

Which part of the pituitary gland receives messages quicker?

A

Hypophysis/neurohypophysis/posterior pituitary gland

It is directly connected to the hypothalamus

71
Q

What does the hypothalamus release to the hypothesis?

A

Inhibitory or releasing hormones through the portal blood veins

72
Q

How are ADH and oxytocin released into the bloodstream?

A

By Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus

73
Q

Which part of the pituitary gland is most rostral?

A

Anterior/hypothesis/adrenohypophysis

74
Q

How does the anterior pituitary gland receive messages?

How does the posterior pituitary gland receive messages?

A

Anterior- receives messages through hypothelial portal vessels.
Posterior- receives messages though nerve tracts

75
Q

What is the area separating the hypothalamus and pituitary gland called?

A

Hypothysial stock

76
Q

A very active thyroid gland will result in……

A under active thyroid gland will result in….

A

High body temp
Thin body
Low thyroid levels=obesity

77
Q

What is heat seeking syndrome?

A

Body temp is low due to low thyroid hormone

78
Q

Which hormone kicks in when an animal is stressed?

A

ACTH

79
Q

What is the ‘feel-good’ hormone?

A

Oxytocin

80
Q

Where do we see melanocytes?

A

Brightly pigmented animals like birds and fish

81
Q

In diabetes insipidus we would see a lack of what hormone?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

82
Q

What are the other 2 names for growth hormone?

A

Somatotropin

Somatotropic

83
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A

Helps regulate the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in all the body’s cells
Promotes growth in young animals

84
Q

Which hormone triggers and maintains lactation?

A

Prolactin- It’s production and release continues as long as the teat continues to be stimulated by nursing

85
Q

Which hormone stimulates the growth and development of the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone. Aka- thyrotropic hormone

86
Q

Which hormone stimulates growth and development of the adrenal cortex?

A

ACTH

87
Q

How can ACTH be released quickly?

A

Hypothalamus receives stimulation from the brain…it then sends a burst of ACTH releasing factor to the anterior pituitary through the portal system causing ACTH release

88
Q

Which hormone stimulates cells that line the follicles to produce and secrete estrogens?

A

Follicular stimulating hormone

89
Q

What causes anti diuretic hormone release?

A

Receptors in the hypo detect changes in osmotic pressure of blood that result from dehydration/hemoconcentration. This generates nerve impulses that cause release of ADH…ADH goes to kidneys and tells them to reabsorb more water and put in bloodstream.

90
Q

If there is a lack of anti diuretic hormone in the body, what will be the result?

A

Excessive urine

91
Q

If there is an excess of anti diuretic hormone in the body, what will happen?

A

Not enough urine produced

92
Q

Which hormones induces uterine contractions that aid transport of spermatozoa to the oviducts?

A

Oxytocin…..also stimulates uterine contracting that aid in the delivery of the fetus and the placenta

93
Q

Where do you find the thyroid gland?

A

Two lobes on either side of the trachea

94
Q

What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?

A

Isthmus (stringy part)

95
Q

When is T3 and T4 produced?

A

When thyroid stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary reaches the thyroid gland

96
Q

What does T4 do?

A

Controls the rate at which glucose is burned in the body

97
Q

Which hormone influences the development and maturation of the CNS and growth and development of muscles and bones?

A

Thyroid hormones

98
Q

What hormone allows an animal to generate heat and maintain a constant internal body temperature?

A

Thyroid hormones

99
Q

Which hormone has a calorigenic affect?

A

Thyroid hormones

100
Q

Much like growth hormone…what hormone affects metabolism of proteins, carbs and lipids?

A

Thyroid hormones

101
Q

What is produced by C cells, located between the thyroid follicles?

A

Calcitonin

102
Q

How does calcitonin work?

A

Lowers blood calcium. Prevents hypercalcemia by encouraging excess calcium to be deposited in the bones.

103
Q

What is parathormone and where is it produced?

A

Parathyroid hormone produced in the parathyroid gland which are small pale nodules in, on or near the thyroid glands.
Increase calcium levels in the blood

104
Q

What hormone prevents hypocalcemia?

A

Parathyroid hormone/parathormone

105
Q

How does parathyroid work to increase blood calcium levels?

A

Causes kidneys to retain calcium and intestine to absorb calcium from food, as well as withdrawing calcium from the bones

106
Q

Parafollicular cells are also known as…

A

C cells

107
Q

Which hormone in the body encourages osteoclasts?

A

Parathyroid hormone

108
Q

What is an antagonist to estrogen?

A

Estrogen and Parathyroid are antagonists…when female animals stop producing estrogen, the parathyroid hormone goes unregulated and takes calcium from the bones= osteoporosis

109
Q

What hormones are affected when under stress?

A

Adrenal medulla-secretes epinephrine and Norenephrine
Adrenal cortex - secretes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids (from ACTH)
-immune system suppression
-increased blood glucose
-increased blood pressure

110
Q

What hormone secreting organ is near the duodenum and has both endocrine and exocrine function?

A

Pancreas

111
Q

What are the three hormone producing cells in the pancreas and what do they produce?

A

Alpha cells- produce glucagon
Beta cells- produce insulin
Delta cells- produce somatostatin

112
Q

What are these pancreatic hormone producing groups of cells called?

A

Pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans)

113
Q

How is homeostasis achieved after blood glucose levels rise after a carb rich meal?

A

Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood
Cells and liver take up glucose
Blood glucose than declines

114
Q

How is homeostasis achieved when the blood sugar levels drop after skipping a meal?

A

Alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon into the blood

The liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into the blood causing the blood glucose levels to rise

115
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Caused by a deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues

116
Q

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A

Type 1- autoimmune disorder in which immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells
Type 2- Involves insulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells due to change in insulin receptors

117
Q

Where does spermatozoa maturation occur?

A

Sartorial cells

118
Q

Where is androgen produces in the teste?

A

Interstitial cells: clumps of endocrine cells = leydig cells

119
Q

Ovaries are affected by what hormones?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

Leutinizing hormone

120
Q

As the follicle grows how is estrogen affected?

A

Estrogen increases acceleration of physical and behavioural changes

121
Q

Follicular stimulating hormone stimulates ovarian follicles to develop…..where is estrogen produced?

A

Cells of the follicles produce and release estrogens

122
Q

Where is progesterone produced and what does it do?

A

Produced in corpus luteum
*principle progestin
Helps prepare uterus to receive the fertilized ovum also needed to maintain pregnancy

123
Q

What hormone does the kidney produce?

A

Erythropoietin- stimulates red bone marrow to increase production of rbc’s
Renin-an enzyme that plays an important role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone hormonal system

124
Q

What hormone does the stomach produce and where is it produced?

A

Gastric- produced by the cells in the wall of the stomach

Secretion is stimulated by the presence of food in the stomach

125
Q

What does gastrin stimulate the gastric glands to secrete?

A

Hydochloric acid and digestive enzymes

126
Q

What is the correlation between cortisol and gastrin?

A

Cortisol is released during stress….which causes an increase in gastrin….acid in stomach with no food = ulcer

127
Q

What 2 hormones are released in the small intestines?

A

Secretin and Cholecystokinen

*produced by cells in the lining of the small intestine

128
Q

Why does the small intestine produce secretin and Cholecystokinen ?

A

Secretion occurs in response of chyme in the duodenum. Secretion stimulates pancreas to secrete fluid to neutralize acidic chyme
Cholecystokinen stimulates pancreas to release digestive enzymes into the duodenum

129
Q

What hormones does the placenta produce and when?

A

Estrogen and progesterone to support and maintain pregnancy…only produced during the 3rd trimester

130
Q

What hormones does the thymus produce?

A

Thymosin and thymopoietin - chemical substances

Seems to cause certain cells to be transformed into T-Lymphocytes

131
Q

What hormone may play a role in the timing of seasonal estrous cycles in some species?

A

Melatonin from the pineal gland

132
Q

What substance is used to block receptors of certain tissues and is produced in a variety of body tissues? Nine main groups A-I?

A

Prostaglandin

133
Q

Where do all glands originate from?

A

All glands originate from epithelial tissue
Exocrine glands still connected to the surface
Endocrine where invaginate do into tissue

134
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

Science that deals with a group of ductless glands and the action of their secretions which are transported via the blood stream

135
Q

What organ releases the hormones Leptin and Resisten?

A

Adipose tissue

Leptin increases appetite

136
Q

What are steroids derived from?

A

Lipid like compounds derived from cholesterol

137
Q

What are the 3 ways that hormones can be produced?

A

Humoral- substances other than hormones control the secretion of endocrine glands ie nutrient/ion level
Neural- nervous system senses something wrong and stimulates
Hormonal-hormones from one gland stimulate the release of hormone from another gland.

138
Q

How many zones does the cortex of the adrenal gland have?

A

3 zones

139
Q

To increase blood calcium levels, (hypocalcemia)what 3 body parts does parathyroid hormone affect?

A

Bone- stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix to release calcium into the blood
Intestines- Increases calcium absorption from food
Kidney- Promotes activation of Vitamin D and increased calcium reabsorption

140
Q

How do prostaglandins travel to their target tissues/organs?

A

They do not travel in the bloodstream. They are local or tissue hormones that act locally or within the tissue they originate from

141
Q

What hormones use a second messenger molecule to promote a response of the target cell?

A

Amino acid or peptide hormones

Not steroid or prostaglandin

142
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of hormone release?

A

Humoral- substances other than hormones control their secretion of endocrine glands
Neural-Nervous system stimulates the endocrine gland to release hormones
Hormonal- hormones from one gland stimulate the hormones of another gland

143
Q

What are examples of humoral hormones?

A 
Calcitonin
Glucagon
Insulin
Parathyroid
Mineralocorticoids 
Melatonin
144
Q

What are examples of neural hormone mechanism?

A

Oxytocin
Norenephrine
Epinephrine

145
Q

What is vasopressin also known as?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

146
Q

What is the other name for luteinizing hormone?

A

In males- Interstitial cell stimulating hormone IcSH

147
Q

What is another name for C cells?

A

Parafollicular cells ( where calcitonin is produced)

148
Q

What hormones are amino acid derivatives?

A

Epinephrine
Norenephrine
Thyroxine
Melatonin

149
Q

Thyroxine is a thyroid hormone called T3. True or false?

A

False - Thyroxine is T4

150
Q 
Which of the following does not chemically belong with the other hormones?
ADH
PTH
GH
PRL
A

ADH

151
Q

What is goiter?

A

An enlarged thyroid gland

152
Q

What is a long term stress response hormone?

A

Glucocorticoids

Mineralocorticoids

153
Q

What are short term stress response hormones?

A

Epinephrine

Norenephrine

154
Q

Fluid balance regulation is controlled by what hormones?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

Aldosterone

RVT- Anatomy II (2 decks)

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