Cardiovascular System Flashcards by Rayna Jancar

Which part of the heart is thinly muscled?

Atria - because only small amount of blood is being pumped from these chambers and requires less force than the ventricles, the muscle is thinner.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the valve that the right atrium sends blood to the right ventricle through?

Tricuspid / Right atrialventricular valve

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The left atrium receives oxygen rich blood from…..

The 4 pulmonic veins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What structure separates the right atrium from the left atrium and the right ventricle from the left ventricle?

Interatrial septum

Interventricular septum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the azygous vein do?

Returns oxygen depleted blood to the right atrium from the chest and abdomen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ventricles contain muscular ridges called…..

Trabeculae carnae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ventricles contain muscular bulges called…..

Papillary muscles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The coronary sinus carries deoxygenated blood to the heart from where?

Coronary sinus brings blood to the right atrium from the heart wall

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit via 3 vessels…….

Caudal vena cava
Cranial vena cava
Coronary sinus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If the RV has a greater volume of blood being pumped than the LV, this is called…..

Pulmonary edema

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If the RV is pumping less blood than the LV, this is called ….

Systemic edema

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the pericardial cavity? What will we find in the pericardial cavity?

The space between the visceral and parietal layers surrounding the heart. Contains serous fluid to reduce friction?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 3 visceral layers of pericardium that cover the heart?

Epicardium ( visceral serous) - outermost before pericardial cavity
Myocardium - Muscle of the heart
Endocardium - lines the heart chambers and its folds making up the valves.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What 2 layers make up the parietal layers of the pericardium?

Fibrous layer - outermost layer, collagenous sac

Parietal pericardium - between the fibrous layer and the pericardial cavity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Are atria receiving or pumping chambers?

Receiving

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The ‘base’ of the heart points towards what area?

The thoracic inlet

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where does the apex of the heart sit?

The cranial surface of the diaphragm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give 2 functions of the heart

Generates pressure that propels blood through blood vessels/tissue perfusion
Separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the difference between the visceral and parietal pleura?

Visceral covers/lines the organ

Parietal cover/lines the cavity ( parent pays for cavities)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Are the following pleura visceral or parietal?
Costal
Diaphramatic
Pulmonary
Pericardial
Pericardial sac

Costal - parietal
Diaphragmatic - parietal
Pulmonary - visceral
Pericardial- visceral
Pericardial sac - parietal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pleural cavity increased or decreases on inhilation?

Decreases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pleural cavity size increases or decreases on exhilation?

Increases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the significance of the cupola pleura?

It is an exposed area of pleura unprotected by the ribs and is therefore susceptible to injury.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 6 pleura in the thoracic cavity?

Cupola
Pulmonary
Mediastinal
Pericardial
diaphramatic
Costal pleura

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the significance of the costodiaphramatic line of the pleura recess?

When fluid builds up in the thoracic cavity, it pools in the corner where the lateral caudal edges of the lungs tuck into the diaphragm.

How do we measure vertebral heart size?

Long axis of the heart + short axis of the heart should = 10 vertebrae= wnl

How can we locate the apex of the heart for auscultation?

Directly in line and dorsal to the olecronan

What 4 valves do we listen to for auscultation of the heart?

``` PAM T Pulmonary ( left) Aortic (left) Mitral (left) tricuspid (right) ```

What is the extra hepatic shunt?

It directs blood from the pancreas and spleen to the caudal vena cava off of the hepatic portal vein

What organs does the hepatic portal vein connect?

Intestines, spleen and pancreas and liver

Where is the oval foramen and what is its significance?

Located between the right and left atrium. It is seen in fetal hearts. Closes after birth due to lungs functioning and creating negative pressure.

In a fetus, the pulmonary trunk and descending aorta contain blood that is O2 rich or CO2 ?

A mixture of both, lungs not functional so filtering happens in moms lungs

What is the ductus arteriosus?

It connects the pulmonary vein of the fetus to its descending aorta since the lungs are non-functioning.

What happens to the ductus arteriosus after birth?

It becomes non-functional and becomes ligamentous arteriosus.

What is the hepatic portal shunt?

It is a birth defect that directs blood from the hepatic portal vein to the caudal vena cava bypassing the liver. Can be sx repaired if outside of liver. No options if shunt runs through the liver

What is the significance of the hepatic portal vein?

Directs blood from the intestines to the liver to be detoxified before allowing that blood to travel to the caudal vena cava

Where does the blood 'load up' with oxygen?

Capillary beds of the lungs

Does the left side of the heart carry O2 rich or poor blood?

O2 rich

Does the right side of the heart carry CO2 rich or poor blood?

Rich

Will the pulmonary veins carry O2 rich or poor blood?

O2 rich

Will the pulmonary arteries carry O2 rich or poor blood?

O2 depleted

Does the caudal vena cava carry O2 rich or poor blood?

Poor

Does the aorta carry O2 rich or poor blood?

Rich

What do capillaries do?

Link arteries and veins. Sites of exchange between blood and tissue

What 2 systems make up the cardiovascular system?

Pulmonic and systemic

In relation to the ribs, how big is the heart?

Located approx from 3rd to 6th rib | 3 ribs spaces

At what degree does the heart sit in the chest of a dog, pig, cow?

Ruminents - heart sits vertically | Dogs/pigs - 40-45 degree angle

How much does the average animal heart weigh?

1% of its total body weight

What structures can be found in the caudal area of the mediastinum?

Caudal vena cava, accessory lobe of the right lung

What structures can be found in the caudal portion of the mediastinum?

Trachea, esophogus, cranial vena cava, thymus

What are the 3 divisions of the mediastinum?

Cranial middle caudal

Explain the 12 steps of blood flow through the heart

caudal/cranial vena cava Lungs rt atrium Pulmonary veins Rt AV valve left atrium Rt ventrical left AV valve Pulmonic valve left ventrical Pulmonary arteries aortic valve to aorta

Blood flows through the Lt ventricle into the aorta through what valve?

Aortic valve / aortic semilunar valve

Blood flows from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery through what valve?

Pulmonic semilunar valve

In what ways does the systemic circuit differ from the pulmonary circuit?

Systemic longer route, higher pressure, higher blood volume, greater resistance to blood movement

Which of the valves of the heart is the most muscular?

Left ventricle

What is the first vessel of the systemic circuit?

Aorta

What is the first vessel of the pulmonary circuit?

Pulmonary trunk leaving the right ventricle. Divides into left and right pulmonary arteries.

The caudal vena cava carries blood from what parts of the body to the heart?

Legs, abdomen and pelvic area

The cranial vena cava carries blood to the heart from where?

head, arms and upper torso

What is the anatomy of the left and right atrioventricular valves?

Cusps attach to chordae tendinae that are attached to papillary muscles

Where in the lungs does air exchange take place?

Respiratory bronchiole and alveolar ducts to alveoli

What are the similarities of the structure of the artery and vein?

Both have 3 layers Outer- connective tissue that restricts Middle - elastic and smooth muscle that stretches Inner layer - epithelial layer

Where are pectinate muscles found?

Atrium of the heart

Where is the moderator band found? What is its function?

Right ventricle of the heart It carries part of the AV bundle from the interventricular septum to the papillary muscle on the opposite side of the wall.

What is the arterial view of the heart? the venous view of the heart?

Arterial is the left side | Venous view is the right

When the heart muscle relaxes, what happens to the calcium. potassium and sodium?

Calcium - decreases sodium- decreased Potassium - increases

When the heart muscle contracts what happens with the potassium, sodium and calcium?

Potassium - decreased Calcium - increases Sodium - increases

Which ion increased during relaxation of the heart?

Potassium

Which ion is important for contraction of the heart?

Sodium

At what phase in the cardiac cycle is there no blood in the ventricles?

Phase 4

At what phase in the cardiac cycle is the maximum volume of blood in the ventricles?

Phase 1

At what phase do we see isovolumetric relaxation?

Phase 4

At what phase in the cardiac cycle do we see isovolumetric contraction?

Phase 2

What are the shortest stages of the cardiac cycle?

Phase 2 & 4 | Isovolumetric contraction and isovolumetric relaxation

At what phase in the cardiac cycle do the pulmonic and aortic valves open?

Phase 3

What is cardiac output?

The volume pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute

What is stroke volume?

The volume of blood ejected per beat

Describe the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle

Phase 1 - AV valves open, atria begins to contract Phase 2 - All valves closed. Isovolumetric contraction Phase 3- Semi-lunar valves open. Ventricles contracting Phase 4 - All valves closed. Isovolumetric relaxation. Blood out

What is aortic stenosis?

Narrowing of the aorta

What is patent ductus arteriosis?

Not enough oxygen in the blood due to ductus arteriosus not properly closing after birth.

What is pulmonic stenosis?

Valves become very small

Lub and Dub equal what action in the heart?

Lub- Closing of AV valves | Dub- Closing of semilunar valves

Sinuatrial node is also know as....

SA node ( natural pacemaker of the heart)

What is the path of electrical activity in the heart?

``` SA node AV node Bundle of HIS Moderator band Purkinje fibers ```

During an ECG, what is the heart doing in the following? P QRS T

P- Atriums contracting QRS - Ventricles contracting T- Ventricles relaxing

What is : Tachycardia Bradycardia Arythmia

Tachycardia - rapid heart beat Bradycardia - slow heart beat Arythmia- Irregular heart beat

What happens to the artery once it splits into arteriole?

The outer layer is lost and now has only 2 layers

What are the differences of the arteries and veins in relation to their structure?

Middle layer is bigger in artery than in vein allowing it to stretch more Lumen in artery is less that lumen in vein

What is the difference between the hepatic portal vein, hepatic portal shunt and the extra hepatic shunt?

HPV - Directs blood from intestines to the liver HPS- Abnormality, redirecting blood from the intestines to the caudal vena cava EHS- Directs blood from the pancreas and spleen to the caudal vena cava

What is the best xray view for looking at the heart? | Rt or Lt lateral recumbency?

Right lateral recumbency

What is the best xray view for looking at the heart? | DV or VD?

Dorsoventral

What is the best xray view for looking at the lungs? | VD or DV?

Ventraldorsal

Should xrays be taken on inspiration or expiration? Why?

Inspiration. Diaphragm gets in the way if animal exhaling

How can we differentiate between DV or VD on an xray by looking at the diaphragm?

On VD view we can see the arches of the diaphragm

How can we differentiate the left and right crura on an xray?

The right crura looks like a continuation of the caudal vena cava