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RVT- Anatomy II > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the heart is thinly muscled?

A

Atria - because only small amount of blood is being pumped from these chambers and requires less force than the ventricles, the muscle is thinner.

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2
Q

What is the valve that the right atrium sends blood to the right ventricle through?

A

Tricuspid / Right atrialventricular valve

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3
Q

The left atrium receives oxygen rich blood from…..

A

The 4 pulmonic veins

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4
Q

What structure separates the right atrium from the left atrium and the right ventricle from the left ventricle?

A

Interatrial septum

Interventricular septum

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5
Q

What does the azygous vein do?

A

Returns oxygen depleted blood to the right atrium from the chest and abdomen

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6
Q

Ventricles contain muscular ridges called…..

A

Trabeculae carnae

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7
Q

Ventricles contain muscular bulges called…..

A

Papillary muscles

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8
Q

The coronary sinus carries deoxygenated blood to the heart from where?

A

Coronary sinus brings blood to the right atrium from the heart wall

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9
Q

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit via 3 vessels…….

A

Caudal vena cava
Cranial vena cava
Coronary sinus

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10
Q

If the RV has a greater volume of blood being pumped than the LV, this is called…..

A

Pulmonary edema

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11
Q

If the RV is pumping less blood than the LV, this is called ….

A

Systemic edema

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12
Q

What is the pericardial cavity? What will we find in the pericardial cavity?

A

The space between the visceral and parietal layers surrounding the heart. Contains serous fluid to reduce friction?

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13
Q

What are the 3 visceral layers of pericardium that cover the heart?

A

Epicardium ( visceral serous) - outermost before pericardial cavity
Myocardium - Muscle of the heart
Endocardium - lines the heart chambers and its folds making up the valves.

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14
Q

What 2 layers make up the parietal layers of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous layer - outermost layer, collagenous sac

Parietal pericardium - between the fibrous layer and the pericardial cavity

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15
Q

Are atria receiving or pumping chambers?

A

Receiving

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16
Q

The ‘base’ of the heart points towards what area?

A

The thoracic inlet

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17
Q

Where does the apex of the heart sit?

A

The cranial surface of the diaphragm

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18
Q

Give 2 functions of the heart

A
  • Generates pressure that propels blood through blood vessels/tissue perfusion
  • Separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
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19
Q

What is the difference between the visceral and parietal pleura?

A

Visceral covers/lines the organ

Parietal cover/lines the cavity ( parent pays for cavities)

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20
Q 
Are the following pleura visceral or parietal?
Costal
Diaphramatic
Pulmonary
Pericardial
Pericardial sac
A 
Costal - parietal
Diaphragmatic - parietal
Pulmonary - visceral
Pericardial- visceral
Pericardial sac - parietal
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21
Q

Pleural cavity increased or decreases on inhilation?

A

Decreases

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22
Q

Pleural cavity size increases or decreases on exhilation?

A

Increases

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23
Q

What is the significance of the cupola pleura?

A

It is an exposed area of pleura unprotected by the ribs and is therefore susceptible to injury.

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24
Q

What are the 6 pleura in the thoracic cavity?

A 
Cupola
Pulmonary
Mediastinal
Pericardial
diaphramatic
Costal pleura
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25
Q

What is the significance of the costodiaphramatic line of the pleura recess?

A

When fluid builds up in the thoracic cavity, it pools in the corner where the lateral caudal edges of the lungs tuck into the diaphragm.

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26
Q

How do we measure vertebral heart size?

A

Long axis of the heart + short axis of the heart should = 10 vertebrae= wnl

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27
Q

How can we locate the apex of the heart for auscultation?

A

Directly in line and dorsal to the olecronan

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28
Q

What 4 valves do we listen to for auscultation of the heart?

A 
PAM  T
Pulmonary ( left)
Aortic (left)
Mitral (left)
tricuspid (right)
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29
Q

What is the extra hepatic shunt?

A

It directs blood from the pancreas and spleen to the caudal vena cava off of the hepatic portal vein

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30
Q

What organs does the hepatic portal vein connect?

A

Intestines, spleen and pancreas and liver

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31
Q

Where is the oval foramen and what is its significance?

A

Located between the right and left atrium. It is seen in fetal hearts. Closes after birth due to lungs functioning and creating negative pressure.

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32
Q

In a fetus, the pulmonary trunk and descending aorta contain blood that is O2 rich or CO2 ?

A

A mixture of both, lungs not functional so filtering happens in moms lungs

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33
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A

It connects the pulmonary vein of the fetus to its descending aorta since the lungs are non-functioning.

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34
Q

What happens to the ductus arteriosus after birth?

A

It becomes non-functional and becomes ligamentous arteriosus.

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35
Q

What is the hepatic portal shunt?

A

It is a birth defect that directs blood from the hepatic portal vein to the caudal vena cava bypassing the liver. Can be sx repaired if outside of liver. No options if shunt runs through the liver

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36
Q

What is the significance of the hepatic portal vein?

A

Directs blood from the intestines to the liver to be detoxified before allowing that blood to travel to the caudal vena cava

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37
Q

Where does the blood ‘load up’ with oxygen?

A

Capillary beds of the lungs

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38
Q

Does the left side of the heart carry O2 rich or poor blood?

A

O2 rich

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39
Q

Does the right side of the heart carry CO2 rich or poor blood?

A

Rich

40
Q

Will the pulmonary veins carry O2 rich or poor blood?

A

O2 rich

41
Q

Will the pulmonary arteries carry O2 rich or poor blood?

A

O2 depleted

42
Q

Does the caudal vena cava carry O2 rich or poor blood?

A

Poor

43
Q

Does the aorta carry O2 rich or poor blood?

A

Rich

44
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Link arteries and veins. Sites of exchange between blood and tissue

45
Q

What 2 systems make up the cardiovascular system?

A

Pulmonic and systemic

46
Q

In relation to the ribs, how big is the heart?

A

Located approx from 3rd to 6th rib

3 ribs spaces

47
Q

At what degree does the heart sit in the chest of a dog, pig, cow?

A

Ruminents - heart sits vertically

Dogs/pigs - 40-45 degree angle

48
Q

How much does the average animal heart weigh?

A

1% of its total body weight

49
Q

What structures can be found in the caudal area of the mediastinum?

A

Caudal vena cava, accessory lobe of the right lung

50
Q

What structures can be found in the caudal portion of the mediastinum?

A

Trachea, esophogus, cranial vena cava, thymus

51
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the mediastinum?

A

Cranial
middle
caudal

52
Q

Explain the 12 steps of blood flow through the heart

A

caudal/cranial vena cava Lungs
rt atrium Pulmonary veins
Rt AV valve left atrium
Rt ventrical left AV valve
Pulmonic valve left ventrical
Pulmonary arteries aortic valve to aorta

53
Q

Blood flows through the Lt ventricle into the aorta through what valve?

A

Aortic valve / aortic semilunar valve

54
Q

Blood flows from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery through what valve?

A

Pulmonic semilunar valve

55
Q

In what ways does the systemic circuit differ from the pulmonary circuit?

A

Systemic longer route, higher pressure, higher blood volume, greater resistance to blood movement

56
Q

Which of the valves of the heart is the most muscular?

A

Left ventricle

57
Q

What is the first vessel of the systemic circuit?

A

Aorta

58
Q

What is the first vessel of the pulmonary circuit?

A

Pulmonary trunk leaving the right ventricle. Divides into left and right pulmonary arteries.

59
Q

The caudal vena cava carries blood from what parts of the body to the heart?

A

Legs, abdomen and pelvic area

60
Q

The cranial vena cava carries blood to the heart from where?

A

head, arms and upper torso

61
Q

What is the anatomy of the left and right atrioventricular valves?

A

Cusps attach to chordae tendinae that are attached to papillary muscles

62
Q

Where in the lungs does air exchange take place?

A

Respiratory bronchiole and alveolar ducts to alveoli

63
Q

What are the similarities of the structure of the artery and vein?

A

Both have 3 layers
Outer- connective tissue that restricts
Middle - elastic and smooth muscle that stretches
Inner layer - epithelial layer

64
Q

Where are pectinate muscles found?

A

Atrium of the heart

65
Q

Where is the moderator band found? What is its function?

A

Right ventricle of the heart
It carries part of the AV bundle from the interventricular septum to the papillary muscle on the opposite side of the wall.

66
Q

What is the arterial view of the heart? the venous view of the heart?

A

Arterial is the left side

Venous view is the right

67
Q

When the heart muscle relaxes, what happens to the calcium. potassium and sodium?

A

Calcium - decreases
sodium- decreased
Potassium - increases

68
Q

When the heart muscle contracts what happens with the potassium, sodium and calcium?

A

Potassium - decreased
Calcium - increases
Sodium - increases

69
Q

Which ion increased during relaxation of the heart?

A

Potassium

70
Q

Which ion is important for contraction of the heart?

A

Sodium

71
Q

At what phase in the cardiac cycle is there no blood in the ventricles?

A

Phase 4

72
Q

At what phase in the cardiac cycle is the maximum volume of blood in the ventricles?

A

Phase 1

73
Q

At what phase do we see isovolumetric relaxation?

A

Phase 4

74
Q

At what phase in the cardiac cycle do we see isovolumetric contraction?

A

Phase 2

75
Q

What are the shortest stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

Phase 2 & 4

Isovolumetric contraction and isovolumetric relaxation

76
Q

At what phase in the cardiac cycle do the pulmonic and aortic valves open?

A

Phase 3

77
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute

78
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood ejected per beat

79
Q

Describe the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle

A

Phase 1 - AV valves open, atria begins to contract
Phase 2 - All valves closed. Isovolumetric contraction
Phase 3- Semi-lunar valves open. Ventricles contracting
Phase 4 - All valves closed. Isovolumetric relaxation. Blood out

80
Q

What is aortic stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the aorta

81
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosis?

A

Not enough oxygen in the blood due to ductus arteriosus not properly closing after birth.

82
Q

What is pulmonic stenosis?

A

Valves become very small

83
Q

Lub and Dub equal what action in the heart?

A

Lub- Closing of AV valves

Dub- Closing of semilunar valves

84
Q

Sinuatrial node is also know as….

A

SA node ( natural pacemaker of the heart)

85
Q

What is the path of electrical activity in the heart?

A 
SA node 
AV node
Bundle of HIS
Moderator band
Purkinje fibers
86
Q

During an ECG, what is the heart doing in the following?
P
QRS
T

A

P- Atriums contracting
QRS - Ventricles contracting
T- Ventricles relaxing

87
Q

What is :
Tachycardia
Bradycardia
Arythmia

A

Tachycardia - rapid heart beat
Bradycardia - slow heart beat
Arythmia- Irregular heart beat

88
Q

What happens to the artery once it splits into arteriole?

A

The outer layer is lost and now has only 2 layers

89
Q

What are the differences of the arteries and veins in relation to their structure?

A

Middle layer is bigger in artery than in vein allowing it to stretch more
Lumen in artery is less that lumen in vein

90
Q

What is the difference between the hepatic portal vein, hepatic portal shunt and the extra hepatic shunt?

A

HPV - Directs blood from intestines to the liver
HPS- Abnormality, redirecting blood from the intestines to the caudal vena cava
EHS- Directs blood from the pancreas and spleen to the caudal vena cava

91
Q

What is the best xray view for looking at the heart?

Rt or Lt lateral recumbency?

A

Right lateral recumbency

92
Q

What is the best xray view for looking at the heart?

DV or VD?

A

Dorsoventral

93
Q

What is the best xray view for looking at the lungs?

VD or DV?

A

Ventraldorsal

94
Q

Should xrays be taken on inspiration or expiration? Why?

A

Inspiration. Diaphragm gets in the way if animal exhaling

95
Q

How can we differentiate between DV or VD on an xray by looking at the diaphragm?

A

On VD view we can see the arches of the diaphragm

96
Q

How can we differentiate the left and right crura on an xray?

A

The right crura looks like a continuation of the caudal vena cava

RVT- Anatomy II (2 decks)

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