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russia in reveloution, good Flashcards

1
Q

autocracy

A

when one person possesses unlimited power - god-given right to rule - no parliament , no constitution - Nicholas however was naive, mistrustful and weak

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2
Q

orthodoxy

A

state run russian orthodox church, preached need for obediance to the tsar - reputation diminished by drunk and corrupt members

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3
Q

nationality

A

doctrine surrounding russia that a) russias domination of the countries within its empire was entirely right and proper, and b) russians were unique and special for their culture

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4
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A
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5
Q

How was Russia governed before 1905?

A

Russia was governed by autocracy, where one person possessed unlimited power, with no parliament or constitution. Tsar Nicholas II was naive, mistrustful, and weak.

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6
Q

What role did Orthodoxy play in Russia’s governance before 1905?

A

The state-run Russian Orthodox Church preached obedience to the Tsar’s authority, but its reputation diminished due to perceptions of drunkenness and corruption.

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7
Q

What was the doctrine of Nationality in pre-1905 Russia?

A

The doctrine asserted that Russia’s domination of its empire was right and that Russians were unique for their culture.

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8
Q

What was Russification in pre-1905 Russia?

A

Russification attempted to impose Russia’s language, culture, and religion on non-Russian minorities, leading to resentment and counter-productivity.

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9
Q

What was the Pale of Settlement?

A

The Pale of Settlement was an area where 5 million Jews were compelled to live, facing discrimination, pogroms, and restricted education.

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10
Q

What was the Ohkrana?

A

The Ohkrana was the political police force that infiltrated terrorist networks and used informants, effectively suppressing opposition.

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11
Q

What unrest did the Tsarist regime face from peasants and workers before 1905?

A

Peasants faced redemption payments and poor farming methods, while workers experienced low pay and long hours, leading to strikes.

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12
Q

What were the aims of the middle class opposition before 1905?

A

The middle class opposition was hostile to tsarism, seeking democracy and freedom of speech through non-violent methods.

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13
Q

What was the League of Liberation?

A

The League of Liberation was a political movement that mobilized liberal support for change, headed by Paul Milyukov.

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14
Q

What did the Socialist Revolutionaries (SR’s) advocate?

A

The SR’s aimed for land reform and the establishment of a new society based on ‘Mirs’, using political violence to achieve their goals.

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15
Q

What were the ideas of the Social Democrats?

A

The Social Democrats were Marxist, advocating for a proletarian revolt against capitalism to create a free, equal society.

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16
Q

What social factors limited the impact of opposition groups before 1905?

A

Many peasants were illiterate, making propaganda ineffective, and the Ohkrana’s repression included military intervention against demonstrations.

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17
Q

What divisions existed among opposition groups before 1905?

A

Liberals sought reform while socialists aimed for revolution, leading to disagreements, especially regarding the use of violence.

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18
Q

How did the Russo-Japanese War impact the Tsarist regime in 1905?

A

The war ended in humiliation for Russia, angering liberals and disrupting economic life, leading to increased discontent among workers.

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19
Q

What was Bloody Sunday?

A

On Bloody Sunday, a peaceful protest led by Father Georgy Gapon was violently suppressed, resulting in hundreds of casualties and widespread strikes.

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20
Q

What was the significance of the St Petersburg Soviet?

A

The St Petersburg Soviet represented workers and engaged in political campaigning, but was disbanded after supporting mutineers.

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21
Q

What was the August Manifesto?

A

The August Manifesto proposed the creation of a duma but failed to provide meaningful representation, maintaining autocratic principles.

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22
Q

What did the October Manifesto promise?

A

The October Manifesto promised basic freedoms and a duma with legislative power, leading to a temporary cessation of strikes.

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23
Q

Who were the Black Hundreds?

A

The Black Hundreds were a right-wing group that incited pogroms and appealed to nationalist sentiments to support the Tsarist regime.

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24
Q

What was the response to the Moscow Uprising?

A

The regime responded with brutal force, resulting in significant casualties and the restoration of control.

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25
How did the Tsarist regime recover after 1905?
The regime divided liberals, crushed uprisings, and maintained loyalty from the armed forces and church, but faced ongoing peasant disorder.
26
What were the Fundamental Laws of April 1906?
The Fundamental Laws aimed to limit the Duma's power, asserting the Tsar's supreme authority and allowing him to bypass the Duma.
27
What happened during the 1st Duma?
The 1st Duma called for radical reforms but was dissolved in July 1906 after its demands were deemed unacceptable.
28
What characterized the 2nd Duma?
The 2nd Duma included previously boycotting parties but was critical of the government and dissolved in mid-1907.
29
What were Nicholas' feelings towards the Dumas?
Nicholas viewed the Dumas as an affront to autocracy and welcomed their dissolution.
30
What was the nature of Tsarist government in 1914?
The Tsar maintained autocratic control, but the existence of the Duma and political parties indicated a partial shift towards democracy.
31
What were Stolypin's policies of repression?
Stolypin's policies included secret trials and executions to suppress unrest, reasserting authority through violence.
32
What actions were taken against revolutionary leaders under Stolypin?
Trotsky was exiled, and many Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, and SRs were arrested.
33
What was Stolypin's agricultural reform?
Stolypin aimed to create prosperous peasant farmers by breaking up communal landholdings, but had limited success.
34
What was the goal of emigration to Siberia?
Stolypin encouraged emigration to Siberia with free land and loans, resulting in 3.5 million peasants moving and increased agricultural production.
35
What was the Lena Goldfields Massacre?
The Lena Goldfields Massacre involved soldiers firing on protesting workers, leading to significant casualties and inspiring further strikes.
36
What was the state of the Russian armed forces in 1914?
The armed forces were large but poorly trained and equipped, suffering significant losses during the war.
37
What economic problems did Russia face during WWI?
Wartime shortages, transport issues, and inflation led to food shortages and rising prices, exacerbating public discontent.
38
What was Nicholas' role during WWI?
Nicholas assumed command of the armed forces, but his involvement was largely ceremonial and did not improve the situation.
39
What impact did Rasputin have on the Tsarist regime?
Rasputin's influence over the Romanovs and his unsavory reputation led to public distrust and conspiracy theories, damaging the regime's reputation.
40
Who assumed command of the battlefront during WWI?
Nicholas, as general, assumed command of the battlefront to motivate troops, largely ceremonial however.
41
What was Alexandra's background and her influence on Nicholas?
Alexandra was German by birth, had a distaste for St Petersburg society, and consistently advised her husband against making concessions to liberals and moderates.
42
What was Rasputin's alleged ability and character?
Rasputin allegedly could heal Alexei of haemophilia and had a debauched and unsavoury character.
43
What impact did Rasputin have on the Romanovs and the Tsarist regime?
Public perception was that Rasputin controlled the Romanovs, leading to ministerial leapfrog and conspiracies about them being traitors, which immensely harmed the Tsarist regime and reputation.
44
What was Zemgor and its role during WWI?
Zemgor, headed by Prince Lvov, was a voluntary organization that helped with the distribution of uniforms, pharmaceuticals, and munitions, showing great enterprise and initiative in its war relief efforts.
45
What was the Progressive Bloc's formation and purpose?
The Progressive Bloc was formed by the Duma to press for measures essential to winning the war, as Nicholas was forced to recall the Duma due to mismanagement of the war effort.
46
What triggered the revolution of February 1917 in towns?
In towns, wages failed to keep up with inflation, leading to strikes, with 750,000 working days lost calling for the removal of the Tsar.
47
What triggered the revolution of February 1917 in the countryside?
In the countryside, the vast majority of those killed were peasant conscripts, and there was extra farm work for women and children due to requisitioning of horses and livestock.
48
What event on International Women's Day contributed to the February revolution?
The February strike began when Putilov engineering works were brought to a standstill, leading to large numbers of women in textile factories taking to the streets.
49
What was the Provisional Committee and its limitations?
The Provisional Committee, headed by Milyukov, aimed to restore public order but had no actual power to order soldiers to return to their barracks.
50
What was the role of the Petrograd Soviet during the February revolution?
The Petrograd Soviet won the allegiance of workers and soldiers but felt unqualified to govern, acting as a watchdog over the Provisional Government.
51
What led to the abdication of Nicholas II?
Nicholas attempted to return to Petrograd but was stopped by the army and agreed to abdicate in favor of his brother, who refused the throne.
52
What were the reasons for Nicholas II's abdication?
Reasons included military defeat, mismanagement of the war effort, appalling working class living conditions, peasant discontent, and loss of support from elite institutions.
53
What was the political complexion of the Provisional Government?
The Provisional Government was headed by Prince Lvov, with Milyukov as the real driving force and Kerensky as a charismatic member.
54
What was the nature of the Provisional Government's power?
The Provisional Government was toothless, with no authority over the garrison and reliant on the Petrograd Soviet, which controlled key resources.
55
What was the role of the Petrograd Soviet's Executive Committee?
The Executive Committee, consisting mostly of Mensheviks and SR's, decided policies and aimed to protect workers' interests.
56
What early political reforms did the Provisional Government implement?
Reforms included amnesty for political prisoners, abolition of capital punishment, freedom of speech and assembly, dissolution of the Okhrana, and democratic elections for zemstvos.
57
What conflicting attitudes towards the war existed in 1917?
The Provisional Government wanted to continue fighting until victory, while the Soviet sought a quick end to the war with a compromise peace.
58
What was the Milyukov Crisis?
The Milyukov Crisis occurred when a private telegram revealed the government's commitment to the war, leading to public uproar and demands for Milyukov's resignation.
59
What were Lenin's views upon his return to Russia?
Lenin believed in a second revolution of peasants alongside workers and advocated for immediate land seizures, despite opposing private ownership.
60
What was the outcome of the June Offensive?
The June Offensive resulted in a disaster for Russian armies, leading to a loss of 150 miles of territory and undermining the Provisional Government.
61
What were the July Days and their consequences?
The July Days involved Bolshevik activists attempting to overthrow the Provisional Government, leading to Lenin's temporary retreat and the arrest of many Bolsheviks.
62
How did Kerensky become head of the second Provisional Government?
Kerensky became Prime Minister after Prince Lvov's resignation, having previously prevented a Bolshevik takeover during the July Days.
63
What was the composition of Kerensky's new government?
Kerensky aimed for a liberal-socialist coalition, but tensions arose between Kadets, SR's, and Mensheviks, leading to a fragile government structure.
64
What problems did the Provisional Government face in industry and agriculture?
In industry, workers demanded higher wages, leading to decreased productivity, while in agriculture, peasants seized lands, disenchanting landowners.
65
What was the Kornilov Affair?
The Kornilov Affair involved Kornilov's demands for military dictatorship, leading Kerensky to arm the Bolsheviks to suppress the uprising.
66
What was Lenin's influence on the Central Committee during the October Revolution?
Lenin persuaded the Bolshevik Central Committee to assume power, despite opposition from Kamenev and Zinoviev, significantly impacting the party's direction.
67
What was the role of Trotsky and the Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC) in the October Revolution?
The MRC was formed by the Petrograd Soviet to organize defenses against German forces or counterrevolutionaries, allowing Trotsky to gain military intelligence and stockpile weaponry. ## Footnote On the eve of the revolution, Trotsky had units of soldiers, along with the Red Guards and Kronstadt sailors, despite Kerensky being misled about their loyalty.
68
What events occurred during the October Revolution from 24-26 October?
Bolsheviks took control of key infrastructures, Trotsky announced the overthrow of the Provisional Government, and the Bolsheviks arrested government ministers, forming a soviet-based government. ## Footnote Lenin announced the Decree on Peace and the Decree on Land, which were crucial for gaining support.
69
What was Sovnarkom?
Sovnarkom was the new government formed by the Bolsheviks that was accountable to the Congress of Soviets until the Constituent Assembly was convened.
70
What were the results of the Constituent Assembly Elections?
Bolsheviks polled strongly in urban areas but lost overall to the SRs. They received 9.8 million votes compared to the SRs' 17.1 million. ## Footnote Many Bolshevik voters were motivated by a desire for land and peace rather than support for the party.
71
What were the weaknesses of the Provisional Government from February to October 1917?
The Provisional Government faced a coalition gulf, legal power issues, delays in reforms, economic failures, and strong opposition from skilled individuals like Lenin and Trotsky.
72
What happened during the closing of the Constituent Assembly?
Lenin claimed the Assembly was illegitimate and disbanded it after anti-Bolshevik protests led to violence. ## Footnote On the day it was scheduled to open, 50,000 demonstrators were fired upon, resulting in 10 deaths.
73
What were the Bolsheviks' actions regarding peace at Brest-Litovsk?
The Bolsheviks sought a peace settlement to focus on internal enemies, leading to the signing of a treaty with severe territorial losses, which caused dissent among left-wing Bolsheviks and military leaders.
74
What was the purpose of the Cheka formed in December 1917?
The Cheka was established to suppress counterrevolutionaries, operating outside the law with powers to arrest or execute individuals deemed counter-revolutionary.
75
What measures did the Bolsheviks take against their opponents?
The Bolsheviks enacted the Decree on the Press, outlawed the Kadet party, denied voting rights to the middle class, and expelled Mensheviks and SRs from Soviets.
76
What was the Red Terror?
The Red Terror was initiated due to a dented reputation from the Brest-Litovsk treaty and assassination attempts on Lenin, targeting anyone opposing the Bolsheviks, including the royal family. ## Footnote Brutal tactics included scalping and crucifixions, resulting in 10,000 deaths in 1918.
77
What was State Capitalism in Bolshevik economic policy (Oct 1917-July 1918)?
A combination of private ownership and state control, created to address economic issues inherited from the previous regime.
78
What were the reasons for implementing State Capitalism?
Inherited an economy rife with inflation, rising unemployment, and low productivity; urgent expectations from workers and peasants.
79
What was the Decree on Land (Nov 1917)?
Legitimised land seizures by peasants in 1917 to appease them.
80
What was the Decree on Worker's Control (Nov 1917)?
Allowed workers to have a say in factory operations and ensured proper treatment.
81
What was nationalised under State Capitalism?
Banks and the Putilov factory were taken over by the state.
82
What was War Communism (July 1918-March 1921)?
A period marked by grain requisitioning, ban on private trade, and state control of large-scale industry.
83
What caused industrial output to slump during War Communism?
Loss of Ukraine's coal, iron, and grain in Brest-Litovsk led to food and fuel shortages.
84
What was grain requisitioning?
A solution to peasant hoarding, often enforced by force.
85
What was the impact of the ban on private trade?
Prevented price inflation but created a black market.
86
What was the rationing system during War Communism?
Rations were proportional to Bolshevik values, favoring workers over the middle class.
87
What was the Tambov Uprising?
A 1921 revolt led by peasants against grain requisitioning and starvation, resulting in Red Army suppression.
88
What was the Kronstadt Mutiny?
A March 1921 revolt by sailors demanding trade unions and an end to Bolshevik privileges, suppressed by the Red Army.
89
What were the main features of the New Economic Policy?
Grain requisitioning replaced by 'tax in kind', legalisation of private trading and ownership, heavy industries under state control.
90
What were the economic results of the New Economic Policy?
Too late to prevent famine, but post-1921, industrial and grain production increased.
91
What was the 'scissor crisis'?
A situation where agriculture recovered quicker than industry, causing grain prices to fall while manufactured goods rose.
92
What was the political impact of the New Economic Policy?
Increased repression, including the expansion of concentration camps and attacks on the Orthodox church.
93
What was the Ban on Factions (1921)?
Banned organised groups with political agendas due to disillusionment with capitalism.
94
What was the impact of the Ban on Factions?
Purged party membership from 730,000 to 500,000 by 1923.
95
Who were the Socialist Revolutionaries (SR's)?
Political opponents of the Bolsheviks who lacked a sizeable army and aimed for a democratic counter-revolution.
96
What was the Bolshevik stance on national minorities?
Promised the right to separate but overthrew breakaway regimes.
97
Who were the Whites?
Ex-tsarist armed forces and political conservatives opposed to Bolshevik rule.
98
How did Trotsky contribute to the Red Army?
Appointed ex-Tsarist officers and established dual command with political commissars.
99
What was the geography advantage for the Bolsheviks in the civil war?
Control of northern and central European Russia provided a larger manpower pool and access to key factories.
100
What happened to Kolchak's forces?
Initially pushed back the Red Army but ultimately lost momentum and was executed.
101
What were the reasons for foreign intervention in the Russian civil war?
To counter Germany's focus on the Western front, establish a new government, and address humanitarian needs.
102
What was the nature of foreign intervention?
Confused and uncoordinated, with some countries withdrawing early and limited direct clashes.
103
What was the extent of foreign intervention?
Limited, mostly guarding supplies or railway lines.
104
What was the impact of war weariness on foreign intervention?
Leaders and public opinion were against intervention, leading to reluctance among troops.
105
What was the end of foreign intervention?
Uncoordinated and unpopular, allowing Lenin to use it as propaganda against invaders.

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