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A Level Edexcel History - USSR and UK Parliamentary Reform > RUSSIA Culture and the Arts > Flashcards

RUSSIA Culture and the Arts Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Lenin think about culture?

A

Vital but subordinate to class conflict and the retention of power

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2
Q

What were Lenin’s personal cultural tastes?

A

Conservative, with a liking for classical Russian conflict

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3
Q

What did Lenin implement early after the seizure of power to support and encourage artists?

A

Commissariat of Englightenment

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4
Q

Prolekult

A

‘Proletarian Culture’

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5
Q

What was prolekult a direct challenge to?

A

High culture

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6
Q

When did the government start to impose restrictions on prolekult?

A

By the early 1920s

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7
Q

Why did the government begin to impose restrictions on prolekult?

A

They were concerned at the variety of viewpoints expressed through this culture from the people

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8
Q

Who promoted the prolekult originally?

A

Alexander Bogdanov; Anatoly Lunacharsky

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9
Q

What was a key strand of prolekult?

A

Constructivists

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10
Q

What was the emphasis of the Constructivists to be on?

A

The collective of the workers as a class, rather than individualism

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11
Q

Constructivists

A

Wished to create a new proletarian culture based on the worker and industrial technology

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12
Q

Why did the Bolsheviks put so much emphasis on visual art?

A

The country had low literacy rates

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13
Q

What was the RAPP replaced with?

A

Union of Soviet Writers

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14
Q

When was the RAPP replaced?

A

1932

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15
Q

What marked the end of the Cultural Revolution?

A

The replacement of the RAPP with the Union of Soviet Writers

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16
Q

What did Stalin call writers and artists?

A

‘Engineers of human souls’

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17
Q

Which cultural movement followed the cultural revolution?

A

Socialist Realism

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18
Q

Socialist Realism

A

Presented idealised images of life under socialism to inspire the population towards its achievement

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19
Q

Who policed Socialist Realism?

A

Union of Soviet Writers

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20
Q

Who is an example of a writer who conformed to the rules of Socialist Realism but whose work suffered as a result of this?

A

Mikhail Zoshchenko

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21
Q

Who are examples of writers who fed into the ‘genre of silence’ during the Socialist Realism movement?

A

Boris Pasternak; Anna Akhamatova

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22
Q

What was art like under Socialist Realism?

A

No experimentation with form; avant-garde styles were rejected

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23
Q

What was Socialist Realist art often fused with?

A

Cult of personality

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24
Q

What was literature like under Socialist Realism?

A

Change of emphasis away from the cult of the ‘little man’ to heroes connected to the Party

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25
Q

What was the standard plot of novels in the 1930s?

A

A hero from the people was guided by the Party to greater things

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26
Q

What was ‘lowbrow’ literature in the 1930s usually concerned with?

A

Heroes from Russian history; war stories; detective novels where a police agent thwarts the evil capitalists

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27
Q

What ensured that the population had easy access to literature under Socialist Realism?

A

Low price of ‘lowbrow’ books; tenfold growth in library acquisitions

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28
Q

Which musical instrument did the Soviet government ban in the 1940s?

A

Saxophone

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29
Q

Under Socialist Realsim, what did the government favour in popular music?

A

Military songs more than jazz

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30
Q

Why did the Soviet government fear jazz music in the 1930-40s?

A

Its perceived decadent associations

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31
Q

What did music suffer from under Socialist Realism?

A

Pressure to toe the line

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32
Q

What style of architecture did Socialist Realism promote?

A

‘Stalinist Baroque’

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33
Q

What was ‘Stalinist Baroque’ architecture better known as?

A

‘Wedding cake’ architecture

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34
Q

What did ‘Stalinist Baroque’ architecture make use of?

A

Classical lines

35
Q

What are the best examples of ‘Stalinist Baroque’ architecture?

A

Moscow University; Moscow metro system

36
Q

When was Moscow University rebuilt?

A

After 1945

37
Q

When was Socialist Realism popular?

A

1920-60s

38
Q

Which popular Socialist Realist film presented the heroic version of the storming of the Winter Palace in 1917?

A

Eisenstein’s ‘October’ (1927)

39
Q

What was shocking about the production of Eisenstein’s ‘October’?

A

More people died in the making of the film than in the actual events themselves

40
Q

How was cinema used during WW2?

A

To promote patriotism in defence of both Mother Russia and socialism

41
Q

What was one of the most popular wartime Russian films?

A

‘Alexander Nevsky’

42
Q

Why is it easy to criticise Socialist Realism?

A

It was so out of touch with reality

43
Q

What were the positives of Socialist Realism?

A

Inspired some people to work harder; provided escapism

44
Q

When were there signs that the government was prepared to allow artists and writers greater freedom?

A

Immediately after WW2

45
Q

What is an example of artists and writers being given greater freedom?

A

Boris Pasternak and Anna Akhamatova were allowed to give public readings of their unorthodox poetry in Moscow in 1946

46
Q

When was a campaign launched to remove all aspects of ‘bourgeois’ culture from the West?

A

1946

47
Q

How were the signs of greater freedom quickly dispelled post-WW2?

A

Elements of Western culture were condemned in a campaign referred to as the Zhdanovschina

48
Q

What provided hope for artists and writers who wished to express themselves freely?

A

De-Stalinisation

49
Q

What is an example of Khrushchev’s more relaxed approach to culture and the arts?

A

Works by Isaac Babel, a writer who had been shot during the purges, were published

50
Q

When did jazz music make a reappearence?

A

Under Khrushchev

51
Q

What new themes did writers begin to explore under Khrushchev?

A

Spiritual concerns; bleakness of rural life; problems of adultery, divorce and alcohol abuse

52
Q

When was nonconformity starting to have an important impact on youth culture in the USSR?

A

By the late 1950s

53
Q

What were the youth groups who listened to pop and rock’n’roll music and wore Western fashions labelled by the authorities?

A

Stilyagi

54
Q

What was tape recorder self-publishing called?

A

Magnitizdat

55
Q

What was a notable development in popular music under Khrushchev?

A

Guitar-poet

56
Q

Who was the leading figure of the guitar-poets?

A

Alexander Galich

57
Q

What did the guitar-poet often address?

A

Feelings of the individual

58
Q

Who did the guitar-poet often speak to?

A

Socially alienated

59
Q

How did the replacement of Khrushchev with Brezhnev affect culture and the arts?

A

Narrowed the boundaries of what was acceptable after the cultural thaw of the Khrushchev years

60
Q

Why did many artists and writers find that it was easier to work in the new cultural climate created by Brezhnev?

A

More certainty over what was permissible

61
Q

When did Soviet culture become conservative?

A

1970s

62
Q

Which school of village prose, made popular under Brezhnev, highlighted the value of a simple rural life?

A

Derevenshchiki

63
Q

Who emerged as an influential guitar-poet during the Brezhnev years?

A

Vladimir Vysotsky

64
Q

What were Vladimir Vysotsky’s songs about?

A

Sex and delinquency

65
Q

What indicated the growing alienation of young people from Soviet society in the Brezhnev years?

A

Outpouring of grief at Vladimir Vysotsky’s funeral in 1980

66
Q

What was the government’s control over record production and radio airtime during the Brezhnev years undermined by?

A

Development of the cassette recorder

67
Q

When did a Soviet audience become skilled at grasping subtext?

A

In the Brezhnev years

68
Q

What were the limits of Khrushchev’s cultural thaw shown by?

A

Treatment of Boris Pasternak over his novel ‘Doctor Zhivago’

69
Q

What was Pasternak awarded for ‘Doctor Zhivago’?

A

1958 Nobel Prize for Literature

70
Q

What was an area of art in which nonconformity was not encouraged by Khrushchev?

A

Abstract art

71
Q

What type of music did Khrushchev have a problem with?

A

Jazz

72
Q

Who was employed to patrol the streets and dance halls to report on young people whose behaviour was deemed unacceptable?

A

Komsomol groups

73
Q

When did the government hold a conference that decided on which dance moves were permissible?

A

1961

74
Q

How did Khrushchev’s cultural policy reflect his personality?

A

Subject to mood swings

75
Q

When did Khrushchev become less tolerant of cultural nonconformity?

A

In his last months as leader

76
Q

What indicated that there were limits to what Brezhnev’s government was prepared to tolerate?

A

The trial of Joseph Brodsky, 1964

77
Q

What was Brodsky sentenced to?

A

Five years of hard labour in prison

78
Q

Due to the campaigning of fellow writers abroad and at home, how long was Brodsky actually imprisoned for?

A

2 years

79
Q

Why was Brodsky arrested?

A

He was not licensed as a poet under the Writers’ Union

80
Q

What is an example of a further clampdown from Brezhnev on cultural nonconformity?

A

The trial of Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel, 1966

81
Q

What were the clashes between nonconformist artists and the government the cause of in the West?

A

Much bad publicity for the Soviet Union

82
Q

How were nonconformist artists often viewed by the general public?

A

Self-indulgent; out of touch with the harsh realities of daily life

83
Q

How much airtime did the government agree to give to songs not composed by official Soviet composers in the 1980s?

A

20%

84
Q

Why did propaganda and control over culture become so important?

A

Use of terror lessened

A Level Edexcel History - USSR and UK Parliamentary Reform (25 decks)

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