BRITAIN Radical Reformers Flashcards
When was the French Revolution?
1789-99
When were the Napoleonic Wars?
1793-1815
When were the September Massacres?
1792
When was Louis XVI executed?
1793
What had contributed to a growing interest in political affairs among working people, especially the skilled working class?
Success of the American Revolution; early events of the French Revolution
Society for Constitutional Information (SCI)
An organisation that promoted social and political reform; mostly middle-class industrialist members who weren’t prepared to get involved in radical activity
When was SCI formed?
1780
Who formed SCI?
Major John Cartwright
When did support for the SCI begin to fall?
1783
Why did support for the SCI fall?
Its members joined other organisations
When did the SCI cease to exist?
After 1795
When were a number of corresponding societies established in London and provincial towns?
Early 1790s
Who did the new corresponding societies draw their membership from?
Growing ranks of skilled working classes
When was the LCS founded?
1792
Who founded the LCS?
Thomas Hardy
London Corresponding Society (LCS)
Promoted twin causes of universal suffrage and annual parliaments; worked to promote political education of its members by publishing pamphlets
Who was the LCS supported by?
Skilled craftsmen in London
Why did the organisation of the LCS mark a new departure for radical groups?
Never tried to limit its membership to any particular class and charged a very low subscription fee; kept its local associations deliberately small
When was the activity in France at its most extreme?
1791-93
What was established in response to the LCS and other radical organisations?
Loyalist societies
Where was association membership drawn from?
Almost exclusively from the middle classes
How did the government support the Association movement?
Used loyalist press to promote patriotic propaganda; gave secret help to associations; took action against reformers
When was the Spa Fields meeting?
1816
What had effectively silenced British radicalism in the early years of the 19th century?
Government’s determination; growth of national feeling during the Napoleonic War
From when did Lord Liverpool’s government face a number of challenges to its authority?
1815
When did reform meetings in London prove uncontroversial?
Early months of 1816
Who was unhappy with the moderate stance being taken in the early months of 1816?
Followers of Thomas Spence
What did the followers of Thomas Spence plan in 1816?
Mass meeting in East London, which they hoped would lead to violent rioting and disorder
Who was invited to address a meeting in Spa Fields in November?
Henry Hunt
How many people gathered at the Spa Field meeting in November?
10,000- largest gathering seen in London since the anti-Catholic Gordon riots of 1780
What was the aim of the Spa Fields meeting in November?
Hunt was asked to present a petition to the Prince Regent, urging him to reform Parliament
What did Hunt champion in his November Spa Fields speech?
Moral force behind the petition, but came dangerously close to suggesting the use of physical force if the petitioners’ demands were not met
Why was a second Spa Fields meeting called in December?
Hunt was not received by the Prince Regent
When was the second Spa Fields meeting called?
2 December 1816
Who was Hunt pre-empted by at the second Spa Fields meeting?
Spenceans, who stirred up sections of the crowd and urged them to take a course of direct action
What happened at Spa Fields as a result of the Spenceans’ actions?
Number of people left the meeting; looted a number of gunsmiths; set off to seize the Tower of London/Royal Exchange
Why weren’t the Spa Fields rioters successful?
Quick action of Lord Mayor of London and his force of constables dispersed them and arrested their leader
When was the trial of the ringleaders of the Spa Fields affair?
1817
What did the trial of the Spa Fields ringleaders reveal?
Role of government informers and spies in the affair
What was the government informer who encouraged the Spa Fields riots called?
Castle
What happened to those who had been put on trial as a result of the Spa Fields affair?
Acquitted
What condemned the Spa Fields riot without reservation?
‘Leeds Mercury’, a strong supporter of the radicals
When was the Pentridge Rising?
1817
What had Liverpool’s government established to combat radical activity?
Committee of Secrecy
When was the significance of the use of spies by the government highlighted?
Pentridge Rising
Who joined the Pentridge meetings?
A Londoner who called himself Oliver
When did a government informant join the Pentridge meetings?
May 1817
When did the government informant persuade the Pentridge radicals that there would be nationwide uprisings?
9 June
Who led the Pentridge radicals towards Nottingham?
Jeremiah Brandreth
How many Pentridge radicals marched towards Nottingham?
300
What happened to the Pentridge radicals as they tried to march?
Rebels were intercepted by a regiment of soldiers before they could reach the city; many fled but 80 were arrested
Who published a detailed investigation that exposed the government informant’s role in the Pentridge rising?
‘Leeds Mercury’
How were the Pentridge radicals punished?
14 men were transported and Brandreth, along with 2 others, was hanged and beheaded in public
When was Peterloo?
16 August 1819
Why were radical activities dampened down in 1818?
Actions taken by the government in 1816-7; some improvements in economy
When did Henry Hunt stand for election to parliament?
1818
Why was Henry Hunt defeated when he stood for parliament?
His advocacy of parliamentary reform was unpopular with electorate
When did the Political Register cease publication?
1817, after Cobbett fled to the USA
Where did Peterloo take place?
Saint Peter’s Fields in Manchester
Why did significant protest take place in Manchester in 1819?
City and its surrounding mill towns provided fertile ground for working-class radicalism to flourish; long tradition of trade unionism in the region
What exemplified the working-class activity in Manchester?
March of the Blanketeers in 1817- badly organised attempt by Manchester textile workers to publicise their grievances
What did the radical activity in Manchester fluctuate with?
Economic conditions
What gave rise to a sustained campaign of mass meetings and demands for parliamentary reform in Manchester?
Downturns in the textile industry in 1818