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Modern History > Russia and the Soviet Union 1917-1941 > Flashcards

Russia and the Soviet Union 1917-1941 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Bolshevism rise to power?

A

1917

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2
Q

What is Bolshevism based on?

A

Marxism

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3
Q

Bolshevism believed Russia could skip a capitalist state and move straight to communism. What is this called?

A

Top Down

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4
Q

What is the opposite of top down?

A

A state going through capitalism to then get to communism. Working through all stages

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5
Q

Who led the Bolsheviks?

A

Lenin

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6
Q

What did the October Revolution achieve?

A
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7
Q

What did Lenin’s peace treaty with Germany do?

A

-Stop Russia’s activity in WWI against Germany
-Enabled consolidation of Bolsheviks

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8
Q

Who were the Mensheviks?

A

The opposing side of the Bolsheviks

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9
Q

Mensheviks was also based on…

A

Marxism

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10
Q

Did Mensheviks believe in a top down or bottom up state?

A

Bottom Up
- Capitalist state before communism

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11
Q

What does NEP stand for?

A

New Economic Policy

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12
Q

When was NEP introduced?

A

March 1921

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13
Q

Why was the NEP introduced?

A

Because the first attempt to introduce communism into the context of Civil War failed
- economic production dropped + millions dead from starvation

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14
Q

The NEP had aspects of what in it?

A

Capitalism
- reluctantly introduce by Lenin

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15
Q

What were the aspects of the NEP?

A
  • small businesses were able to operate again (state still controlled major industries)
  • traders opened business for profit
  • growing class of people became wealthy
  • had to pay certain amount of production grain - could sell excess for profit
  • introduced incentive back into system
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16
Q

The NEP created a two-tier system. A growing disparity was forming between two groups, what were those groups?

A

Industrial workers - did not benefit from NEP

Farmers and traders - benefited from NEP

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17
Q

When did Lenin die?

A

1924

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18
Q

When Lenin died, who became the people next in line for potential leaders?

A

The Politburo

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19
Q

What was the Politburo

A

The highest policy-making authority within the communist party

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20
Q

What challenges did Stalin face as he started to lead the USSR?
- Western powers….

A

Western powers would crush them if they could not build a modern army

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21
Q

What challenges did Stalin face as he started to lead the USSR?
- Agriculture

A

Sell agriculture surplus overseas for foreign currency to buy machinery

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22
Q

What challenges did Stalin face as he started to lead the USSR?
- Propaganda and Nationalism

A

Use propaganda and nationalism to provide incentive, educate children, have rewards for hard efforts and work, and fear to work hard and produce more when there is not profit motive

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23
Q

What challenges did Stalin face as he started to lead the USSR?
- resistors

A

Resistors were put into prison, exiled, sent to labour camps

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24
Q

What challenges did Stalin face as he started to lead the USSR?
- Support networks etc…

A

Alternative sources of leadership/influence/guidance - break support networks down until there’s only one left

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25
Q

Scissors crisis:
What was it?

A

Caused by the NEP.
Drastic separation between the increase of grain production and decrease of agricultural prices.

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26
Q

Scissors crisis:
What did it do to farmers?

A

Farmers capacity to buy the limited goods in the market was reduced

27
Q

Scissors crisis:
What did Trotsky say would happen with the NEP?

A

That the NEP would eventually fail as the factories wouldn’t be able to keep up with the steady stream of luxury goods for the peasants to buy their surplus grain

28
Q

Scissors crisis:
Who abandoned the NEP

A

Stalin

29
Q

What new plan did Stalin introduce?

A

The 5-year plan

30
Q

What was the 5-year plan?

A

An plan to initiate rapid and large-scale industrialisation across the USSR

31
Q

What was a part of the 5-year plan?

A

Increase in factory work
Production of industrial resources
Collectivisation of agriculture

32
Q

How was the 5-year plan successful?

A

Industrialisation was increased

33
Q

When was the 5-year plan put in motion?

A

1928

34
Q

When did the second 5-year plan start?

A

1933

35
Q

What was collectivisation?

A

Peasant farms were no longer individual and forced to join large collective farms with the intention to increase agriculture

36
Q

What were collective farms called?

A

Kolkhoz

36
Q

Did the peasants like collective farms?

A

NO
deeply resentful towards them

37
Q

Why were farms collectivised?

A
  • To remove capacity for individualistic farmers to shape the output of their land
  • Farmers became employees on their land like factory workers in a factory
  • Farmers could no longer expect to share the benefits from increased output
38
Q

What were the farmers who became wealthy due to the NEP labelled by Stalin

A

Kulaks
- a class that needed liquidisation

39
Q

What were the 3 categories of Kulaks?

A
  1. Counter-revolutionary Kulaks - shot or exiled
  2. Wealthy Kulaks - deported to Siberia
  3. Other Kulaks - moved to another Kolkhoz
40
Q

How did Kolkhoz decrease agricultural output?

A

Cattle:
1928 = 60.1%
1934 = 33.95%

41
Q

Who were the OGPU?

A

The secret police

42
Q

What are some Foreign policies Russia made?

A

Peace Treaty with Germany - October 1917
Comintern - March 1919
Treaty of Paris - march 1921
Nazi-Soviet Pact - 1939-41
Non-aggression Pact with Japan - April 1941

43
Q

How did Stalin rise in power?

A

Propaganda
Destruction of support networks
Assassination + exilement

44
Q

What type of propaganda did Stalin use?

A

Posters, photos, public appearance, soviet realism paintings

45
Q

How did Stalin present his personality in poropaganda?

A

strong, caring, reliable
communism = wonderful

46
Q

Give an example of a poster that Stalin used for propaganda?

A

Stalin positioned next to Lenin representing himself as Lenin’s heir and true disciple (Webb, 2018)

47
Q

What was Lenin’s opinion of Stalin that he wrote in his letters about all the politburo?
Quote

A

That he didn’t like Stalin very much, saying Stalin should be replaced with someone more, “tolerant, more loyal, less capricious and so forth” Williams (2004)

48
Q

Give an example of photos Stalin used for propaganda

A

Photo with little girl called Gelya Markizova being held by Stalin (1939). Called ‘Children’s Friend’
- Stalin ‘cared’ about the youth
(Yegorov, 2018)

49
Q

Describe soviet realism paintings

A
  • Bright colours
  • Big happy communities
  • Cannot be interpreted another way
50
Q

What is an example of a support network Stalin destroyed?

A

The Russian Orthodox Church

50
Q

Why did Stalin destroy support networks?

A

So that he became the only figure people were to rely on
To be worshiped as if a god

51
Q

How did Stalin destroy support networks?

A
  • Priests were beheaded, left outside to freeze, put in prison, shot or buried alive (Chistyakov, 2010)
  • Churches destroyed
  • Bishops imprisoned and exiled
  • Anti-religious propaganda permitted
  • teaching religion in school became punishable by law
52
Q

Who did Stalin Assassinate and exile?

A

The who opposed him or his politics

53
Q

When was Trotsky exiled?

A

1929

54
Q

Who was Sergei Kirov?

A

Long -stranding Bolshevik who became apart of the Politburo in 1930 while being a supporter of Stalin

55
Q

Was Kirov a rival to Stalin?

A

Yes

56
Q

Who assassinated Kirov in 1934?

A

The NKVD

57
Q

Who did Stalin blame for Kirov’s assassination?

A

Trotskyists and older Bolsheviks

58
Q

Were the trials about Kirov’s assassination fair?
Why or why not?

A

No
The accused were forced to confess and were shot

59
Q

What were the show trials?

A

Elaborate trials of fabricated crimes

60
Q

How many party members, centrals committee members and military leaders were eliminated due to the show trials?

A
  1. Over a third
  2. Over half
  3. 81
    (University of Washington, 2017)
61
Q

How did the show trials impact the public?

A

Public blamed anyone they held a grudge against
- friends, co-workers and family members

Modern History (3 decks)

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