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Modern History > Change in the Modern World: Apartheid in South Africa 1960-1994 > Flashcards

Change in the Modern World: Apartheid in South Africa 1960-1994 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define apartheid

A

A system used to separate different racial groups that was introduced by the white gov’t

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2
Q

When did the Apartheid fully form by?

A

1960

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3
Q

What were the groups in Apartheid?

A

Black, Coloured, Asians, Whites

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4
Q

What was the pass book system?

A

Controlled movement of black, coloured and Asian people outside their Bantustan

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5
Q

What were Bantustans?

A

Separate living areas defined for each group

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6
Q

Was there segregated education?

A

Yes and the quality and content varied greatly between groups

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7
Q

Who did South Africa face criticism from?

A

Britain (left Commonwealth in 1961)
United Nations
International community

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8
Q

What does ANC stand for?

A

African National Congress

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9
Q

When was the ANC founded?

A

1912

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10
Q

What was the ANC based on?

A

Principles of non-violent mass protest
Ghandi

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11
Q

What did the youth league of the ANC encourage?

A

Civil disobedience against pass laws

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12
Q

Who led the ANC?

A

Nelson Mandela

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13
Q

Who was Nelson Mandela?

A
  • Activist + politician
  • ex-lawyer for black people
  • went to prison for protests
  • first president of South Africa
  • embraced non-violent protests
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14
Q

When did Nelson Mandela become president?

A

1994-1999

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15
Q

What was the Freedom Charter?

A

Document written by ANC leaders about what the ANC stood for

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16
Q

What did the Freedom Charter make promises about?

A

Freedoms, rights and liberties
- the people shall govern
- take part in administration
- equality between race, colour, sex
- bodies of minority rule
- all national groups shall have equal rights
- people share the country’s wealth
- land is shared among those who work it
- all is equal before the law
- equal human rights
- work +security
- education expanded to everyone
- houses, security, comfort
- peace and friendship

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17
Q

Who wrote the Freedom Charter?

A

Mathews
Lionel “Rusty” Bernstein
Ethel Drus
Ruth First
Alan Lipman

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18
Q

What was the protest about at Sharpville?

A

Pass laws

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19
Q

When was the Sharpville protest and what kind of protest was it?

A

21st March 1960
organised non-violent protest

20
Q

Who was at Sharpville protest?

A

Members of ANC, protestors, children

21
Q

Where did protestors march in Sharpville?

A

On the police station in the township

22
Q

What did the protestors plan to do with their pass books? - Sharpvile

A

Burn them in an act of civil disobedience and defiance

23
Q

What was the police’s reaction to the Sharpville protests

A

Opened fire killing 69 men, women and children

24
Q

As a result from civil unrest and international condemnation, the pass laws were temporarily…

A

banned

25
Q

The ANC and PAC got banned meaning the leaders got…

A

Arrested, went into hiding or fled the country

26
Q

After Sharpville the ANC and PAC abandoned what strategy?

A

non-violence

27
Q

Who was Steven Biko?

A

A young protestor that led the Black Consciousness Movement

28
Q

Because of the arrest of ANC and PAC leadership, the anti-apartheid movement passed to a younger generation, the key leader being…

A

Stephen Biko

29
Q

What newspaper did Stephen Biko use to encourage black, coloured and Indian students to be proud of who they were?

A

‘I wrtte what I think’

30
Q

Biko called students to take action instead of…

A

waiting for the gov’t to change

31
Q

When was the Black Consciousness movement banned?

A

1973

32
Q

When and how did Biko die?

A

1977 - beaten to death in police custody

33
Q

How did Biko’s death effect activists?

A

Made them more determined to carry forward Biko’s ideas

34
Q

What did the international community do when they found out about Biko’s death?

A

Protested immediately
- Peter Gabriel song ‘Biko’ 1980
- Film ‘Cry Freedom’ released in 1987 about Biko’s life

35
Q

What was Soweto?

A

A poor township in Johannesburg?

36
Q

What year was the Soweto Rebellion?

A

1976

37
Q

What was the Soweto Rebellion?

A

Protest against gov’ts insistence that the Afrikaans’s language be used in Soweto high schools

38
Q

What was police’s reaction to the Soweto rebellion?

A

Shot at students
- Picture of young boy who was shot being carried away with sister running next to him

39
Q

How old was the boy that was shot at Soweto rebellion?

A

13 years old

40
Q

When were Bantustans established?

A

1959 in Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act

40
Q

How did the photograph of the boy shot in Soweto impact other countries?

A

Concerned them and made headlines around the world

41
Q

How many Bantustans were created?

A

10

42
Q

Bantustans has poor living conditions because of?

A

13% of land with 80% of population
Poor agricultural areas

43
Q

Passbooks were required to show that you had permission to…

A

live outside the Bantustans

44
Q

The pass in the passbook could be revoked…

A

at any time

Modern History (3 decks)

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