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Russia 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what year did Lenin die?

A

1924

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2
Q

what problem was there after Lenin’s death?

A

there was no formal mechanism for choosing a leader in the Soviet Union

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3
Q

who were the 5 possible future leaders on Lenin’s Testament?

A

Trotsky, Stalin, Bukharin, Kamenev + Zinoviev

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4
Q

which two leaders in Lenin’s testament were most positively portrayed?

A

Bukharin and Trotsky

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5
Q

who was Stalin’s main opposition in seizing control of the communist party?

A

Trotsky

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6
Q

what was Trotsky’s policy of “permanent revolution”?

A

the USSR would survive as a communist statee by promoting revolution around the world, gaining communist allies amongst more powerful industrial countries like Germany, britain and the USA

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7
Q

What Stalin’s policy of “socialism in one country”?

A

the USSR would strengthen itself against the hostile capitalist world without needing revolutions abroad

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8
Q

what was step one to Stalin’s rise to power? (challenging Trotsky, 1922-24)

A

Stalin formed a triumvirate with Zinoviev and Kamenev. At the 12th party congress in April 1923 a new central committeee was elected + out of 40 members, 3 supported Trotsky. Stalin was building up a support base using his position as Communist party General Secretary with patronage. At Lenin’s funeral, Stalin gave the funeral oration

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9
Q

what happened at the 13th party congress?

A

Trotsky attempted to challenge Stalin and spoke out in favour of democracy but was out-voted

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10
Q

what did Stalin publish in 1924?

A

a collection of lectures entitled, The foundations of Leninism and began describing his ideology as Marxist-Leninist. aimed to present Stalin as lenin’s natural heir

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11
Q

how did Stalin use his position as Party General Secretary to ensure his power?

A

began filling party committees with his own supporters

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12
Q

what did Stalin do at unexpectedly the 14th party congress?

A

Stalin attacked Zinoviev and Kamenev’s left wing ideas to rapidly build Soviet industry instead siding with the right wing Bukharin

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13
Q

why did Stalin win the vote of no confidence called by Zinoviev and Kamenev?

A

the congress was full of delegates who were appointed by Stalin

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14
Q

What did Kamenev and Zinoviev do in desperation in opposition to Stalin?

A

allied with Trotsky and formed a left wing “united opposition” against Stalin and Bukharin

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15
Q

what was Stalin’s reaction to the creation of the “united opposition”?

A

accused the three of factionalism. Trotsky and Zinoviev expelled from Communist party and Kamenev ws removed from the central committee. “united opposition” was defeated

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16
Q

what did Stalin do in 1928 to turn on his previous ally Bukharin?

A

announced a new, left wing policy of rapidly building up Soviet industry

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17
Q

what did Stalin label Bukharin and his supporters?

A

the “right opposition”

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18
Q

How did Stalin reduce Bukharin’s influence?

A

had him removed as editor of the communist newspaper (Pravda) and removed Bukharin’s supported (Rykov and Tomsky) from the Politburo

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19
Q

by what date was Stalin the undisputed Soviet leader?

A

Dec 1929

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20
Q

what was the name for the communists party’s appointment of trusted party members to state positions and what did this mean?

A

Nomenklatura which meant he was in a great position of authority as his party officials were all loyal due to patronage

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21
Q

What was the apparatchiki?

A

Stalin appointed communist party members to important positions within the party “apparatus” and the members became known as the apparatchiki and ran the nomenklatura system

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22
Q

How much did communist party membership increase from and to between 1930 and 1933?

A

1930- 1,600,000
1933- 3,500,000

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23
Q

What were the new members of the communist party described as?

A

Young, ambitious, and enthusiastic about stalins radical plans

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24
Q

how did the communist parties methods of deciding policies change under Stalin?

A

until 1920s- party congresses chose policies, politburo +central committee but under Stalin congresses would serve to celebrate and confirm his policies

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25
what did the number of party congresses drop from and to under Stalin?
6 between 1921-27 (before Stalin) 4 between after Stalin came to power none between 1939-52
26
when was the new Soviet constitution introduced and what did Stalin claim it was?
1936 and was the "most democratic in the world"
27
how did the new Soviet constitution focus on civil liberties?
- civil rights guaranteed (freedom of speech + freedom from arbitrary arrest -"former people" had their rights to vote restored
28
how did the new Soviet constitution focus on rights for nationalities?
-USSR = federation of 11 diff soviet republics -non-Russian national groups granted extensive autonomy -new Soviet system labelled "national in form, socialist in content" to emphasise support for non-Russians -each republic had its own "supreme soviet" (could decide own policy)
29
how did the new soviet republic focus on political democracy?
-elections every 4 years to choose govt leaders -everyone over 18 given right to vote however was raised to 23 in 1945
30
what was the reality of the 1936 constitution? (8)
sham- no non-communists could stand in elections, only one candidate, republics little control to choose own policies, budget in hands of central govt, hint of opposition stamped out, "supreme soviet only met few days per year + no real say, civil liberties trampled by terror, arbitrary arrest + limiting rights for social groups
31
what were the reasons for the "Great Turn"? (6)
-still peasant country but marxism stated workers needed for socialism so needed to industrialise -USSR not seen expected rapid economic growth + NEP fail -self-sufficiency= protection from capitalist countries -threat of war = need to strengthen -peasants suspicious so needed to transform into workers -unite USSR under one clear goal
32
what were the aims of the first five year plan? what years?
1928-32, rapidly increase heavy industry increasing production by 300%. double light industry
33
what areas of production did the first year plan want to improve?
coal, iron, steel, oil, and industrial machinery production, boost electricity production by 600%
34
what did propaganda for the first five year plan claim and what was the reality?
claimed it would be done in 4 not 5 years but in reality non of the major targets were met
35
what were the growths in industry due to the 1st five year plan?
electrical output trebled, coal + iron doubled, steel increased by 1/3. new industrial city - Magnitogorsk - 150,000 residents
36
what was the impact of the first year plan on ordinary people?
working conditions = appalling (little regard for human life), productivity extremely low, little housing and living conditions deteriorated
37
what parts of industry werent improved as a result of the 1st five year plan?
light industry severely neglected + consumer good were hard to come by (poor quality items + lack of choice)
38
what were the aims of the 2nd five year plan?
continue development of heavy industry and boost light industry + increase communications between cities and industrial centres
39
what two structures were built/ expanded during the second year plan?
Moscow Metro and Dnieprostroi Dam
40
what years was the 2nd five year plan between?
1933-37
41
what industrial successes occurred during the second five year plan?
electricity and chemical industries grew rapidly new metals mined for the first time (copper, zinc, tin) steel trebled coal doubles by 1937, USSR virtually self-sufficient
42
what areas didnt improve as a result of the second five year plan?
consumer goods still lagged behind badly and by 1937 focus shifting away more towards military
43
what did spending on rearmament increase from and to?
4% of GDP to 17% between 1933 and 1937
44
what were the aims of the third five year plan?
emphasis shifted to preparing for war but heavy industry still prioritised
45
what years was the third five year plan between?
1938-42
46
what were the results of the third five year plan?
-spending on rearmament x2 between 1938-40 but had a serious adverse effect on other branches of industry -oil production missed its targets leading to fuel crisis + hindering factory production -consumer goods lowest priority
47
how was the third five year plan made worse by the political situation?
in 1930s, Stalin had begun the purge of experienced engineers + managers in industry leaving a lack of expertise
48
why did the third five year plan finish early?
invasion by Nazi Germany
49
what was the name that the Bolsheviks gave to the working class and peasantry?
smychka
50
what were the Bolsheviks view on peasants?
not considered working class but "petty bourgeois" and felt by Lenin and others to always be looking for ways to improve their own position under capitalism rather than fight for socialism
51
what did communists resent about the peasants that occurred during the civil war and NEP?
resented how peasants had resisted communist policies of grain requisitioning during civil war and angry that peasants had been allowed to "enrich yourselves" under NEP
52
what made grain so important in the USSR?
required to feed workers in cities and needed to fuel industrialisation through exports for foreign funds
53
how did Stalin increase grain collected 1926 onwards?
1926- despite a good harvest, 50% of grain expected was received Dec 1927- Stalin proposed collectivisation of agriculture 1928- rationing in cities "ural-siberian method"
54
what was the "Ural-Siberian method"?
communists forcibly seized grain form villages in the Ural mountains attacking and persecuting peasants who refused
55
what was the destruction of the Kulaks called?
Dekulakisation
56
what were collective farms called?
kolkhozy
57
what was involved in the extending of the "Ural-Siberian method" (1929)?
"annihilation of the Kulaks as a class" to decrease Kulak resistance. Red army and OGPU were sent to kill them. peasants formed into kolkhozy
58
what were the failures of the "Ural-Siberian method"? (1929)
-peasants responded by destroying machines, tools, grains and animals -only 4% kulaks but around 15% farms destroyed -communist youth send to help with collectivisation murdered
59
By Jan 1930, what percentage of Russia's land did Stalin claim to have collectivised?
25%
60
by March 1930, what percentage of households had been forced to join a kolkhoz
58%
61
how many volunteer communists helped with the collectivisation campaign?
25,000
62
what were the collectivisation policy failures? 1930
-Stalin + govt received lots of complaints about communist activists -peasants told govt they had been forced to give up land + join kolkhozy -destruction of grain + livestock= threat -Stalin wrote an article accusing communist activists of being "dizzy with success" -only 20% of peasant households still kolkhozy
63
between what years did full collectivisation occur?
1931-41
64
what equipment was constructed to provide seed and maintain machinery for the kolkhozy?
2500 Machine- Tractor stations
65
when did peasant collectivisation reach 100%?
1941
66
what were the downfalls of dekulakisation for the govt and why was this worsened?
removed the most successful farmers from the village and inexperienced communists were often given responsibility for farming
67
what percentage of cattle, pigs and sheep were slaughtered by peasants between 1929 and 1933?
25%
68
what occurred between 1932 and 1934 that cost millions of lives?
full-scale famine, most notably in Ukraine
69
what was the reality of the profits that peasants were promised?
there were rarely any profits made at all
70
what was the issue with Stalin allowing private plots?
peasants focused most of their efforts on these private plots contributing as little as possible to the kolokhoz
71
what did collectivisation ensure by the late 1930s?
USSR no longer had to worry about taking grain from peasants and all peasants who had previously resisted grain seizure had been destroyed. food could be taken by the regime regularly and predictably. grain once again exported in large quantities to fuel industrialisation
72
what was a shock worker?
a worker who exceeded targets and gained extra salary/ rewards in return
73
what policies were imposed under Stalin related to marriage and the family?
pro- natalist policies to encourage birth were pursued -divorce much harder to achieve -adultery made a criminal offence -tax breaks given to families with over 6 children + rewards for over 10 kids -contraception made harder to access -1936- abortion illegal
74
what positive aspects of marriage and family were there under Stalin?
women continued to work in industry, between 1928-40 no. of working women increased from 3 to 13 mill. creches set up to help with dual burden
75
did the marriage and family policies work?
no as by 1940, birth rates were still low and falling
76
what was life like for workers under Stalin in the 1930s? (6)
workers conditions bad, huge number of peasants migrated to cities, by 1932, urban workforce had doubled, working hours increased, damaging machinery and striking illegal, purges of managers + engineers allowed workers to move up in society "proletarianization" of management, wages overall shrank
77
what was the "new soviet man" encouraged under Stalin?
hard working, disciplined and loyalto USSR.
78
what was the reality of the "new soviet man"?
peasants retianed peasant customs and many found it possible to slack at work as there were few workers available
79
how did education change under Stalin?
now mainly focused on skills to engage with an industrial society. many schools taken over by kolkhozy and unis by vesenkha. traditional core subjects returned but were used to promote stalinist beliefs. teachers and lecturers closely monitored. years before war military training introduced
80
what were the two main youth organisations?
Young pioneers and Komsomol
81
what were young peoples attitudes towards youth organisations?
disinterested and popular youth culture involved listening to jazz, watching football, fighting and "hooliganism"
82
how was religion opposed under Stalin?
-fierce anti- religious propaganda -1929- worship restricted to "registered congregations" -churches often demolished -church bells taken and melted down to contribute to industrialisation -muslims persecuted -1941- nearly 40,000 churches and 25,000 mosques had been shut down
83
what was the "Stakhanovite" movement?
1931- wage differentials introduced to motivate workers, example of coal miner Alexei Stakhanov used to promote workers exceeding their personal targets
84
how did non-Russian nationalities benefit under Stalin?
1936 Soviet constitution established ethnic republics, increased emphasis on building national consciousness in republics, non- russian languages and culture promoted
85
what was the slogan for promoting increased national consciousness within republics?
"national in form, socialist in content"
86
who was given control over Soviet literature in 1929? and what did theY declare?
the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP) declared that all writing must conform to "socialist realism". major works of Russian literature banned and replaced
87
what year was the RAPP dissolved and what replaced it with what ideologies?
1932 and was replaced by the "writer's union" which allowed works by writers of all kinds but still maintained focus on socialist realism
88
what types of music was repressed?
modernist and Avant-garde
89
how was art restricted under Stalin?
put to the service of Stalin, portrayed Stalin as a father figure strengthening his "cult of personality"
90
how was architectural design changed under Stalin?
huge ancient Roman and Greek style buildings built
91
how was the Moscow Metro designed to celebrate Soviet accomplishments?
stations designed as "palaces of light" and symbols of "all-victorious socialism"
92
what did Stalin order to be written in 1935?
A comprehensive Bolshevik history book used to promote Stalinist ideas. By the time of Stalin's death in 1953, it had sold over 42 mill copies

History yr13 (12 decks)

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