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Russia 1914-1924 Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the name given to a Country ruled by only one leader?

A

Autocracy

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2
Q

Who is the ruler of Russia in 1914?

A

Tsar Nicholas II

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3
Q

By 1914 how long had Tsar Nicholas II been on the throne for?

A

20 years

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4
Q

Under what circumstances did Tsar Nicholas believe that he had the right to rule Russia and what did this mean?

A

Divine right on behalf of God and therefore no one has the right to challenge him

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5
Q

How long had the Romanovs ruled Russia for?

A

300 years

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6
Q

Who is Nicholas married to?

A

Alexandra who was a German princess

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7
Q

Who are the children Nicholas and Alexandra had?

A

They had four daughters however they were desperate to have a son who would succeed the throne

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8
Q

What did their son Alexis have?

A

A blood disease known as haemophilia so he could easily bleed to death

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9
Q

Which church supported Nicholas’ claim that he was all-powerful due to God?

A

Russian Orthodox Church

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10
Q

When was the Duma elected?

A

1905

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11
Q

What was the problem with the Duma?

A

It had a little power and was heavily dominated by the educated upper and middle classes

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12
Q

What could Nicholas do to the Duma?

A

He could dismiss it whenever he wished he was not forced to take any notice of what it wanted

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13
Q

Who are Nicholas’s secret police?

A

Okhrana

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14
Q

Was the censorship? If so, what was censored?

A

Yes, newspapers and books

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15
Q

What happened in 1915?

A

Nicholas made himself commander-in-chief of Russian armies

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16
Q

When did Rasputin die?

A

1916

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17
Q

When did Lenin die?

A

1924

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18
Q

When did Nicholas abdicate?

A

1917

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19
Q

What happened after Nicholas abdicated?

A

Provisional government took over

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20
Q

When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

A

march 1918

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21
Q

When was the end of the Russian Civil War?

A

1921

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22
Q

When was the start of the Russian Civil War?

A

1918

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23
Q

What significant event happened to Nicholas and his family in 1918?

A

The execution of the royal family

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24
Q

What happened to Lenin in 1923?

A

Was significantly ill after a stroke

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25
Q

When did the Bolsheviks under Lenin seize control?

A

October November 1917

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26
Q

What was the Duma?

A

A representative assembly, or Parliament, first set up in 1905

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27
Q

When was Nicholas’ unpopularity?

A

1914 to 1917

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28
Q

What were the effects of the war?

A

Food shortages and high casualties

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29
Q

Where were the early defeats of the war in 1914?

A

Masurian Lakes and Tannenberg

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30
Q

What decision did Nicholas take in the war and when was this?

A

In 1915 he decided to take control of the arm isn’t as his poor decision-making meant that defeats continued

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31
Q

Who did Nicholas leave on charge while he was in the war?

A

The Tsarina

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32
Q

Why was the Tsarina unpopular?

A

Was German – rumours of her being a spy

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33
Q

Who was Rasputin?

A

He was a Russian peasant who was a monk believed to be able to cure Alexis of his haemophilia

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34
Q

Why was Rasputin disliked

A

People believe that Rasputin was having an affair with the Tsarina

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35
Q

What was wrong with Nicholas and his wife being in charge of Russia

A

They were completely out of touch with reality and people’s needs

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36
Q

When did the weather reach -35°C?

A

During the crisis of February March 1917

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37
Q

What did the crisis of February March 1917 end in?

A

February March Revolution

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38
Q

What were the rumours of during February March 1917?

A

Food rationing

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39
Q

What did the room is the food rationing lead to?

A

Women going on strike

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40
Q

Why did the strikes grow?

A

Due to food shortages and general discontent

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41
Q

What did the army units do during February - March 1917?

A

Some use of violence against strikers but then the army start to mutiny and refuse to stop the strikes in Petrograd

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42
Q

Who was the provisional government made up from?

A

The Duma

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43
Q

What did the provisional government do after the February March Revolution?

A

Took control and established the Petrograd Soviet

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44
Q

Why was Nicholas called to return back after February March 1917?

A

Just sort out the riots but is train is stopped by mutinying soldiers

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45
Q

What happened when the Tsar was told to abdicate?

A

He did and this is the revolution

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46
Q

When was the causes of the failure of the provisional government?

A

March to October 1917

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47
Q

What did the Petrograd Soviet pass?

A

Order number one – this meant the provisional government does not have much control of the workers of soldiers in Petrograd

48
Q

What did the provisional government do in the war?

A

They continue the war and tried to go on the offensive in June which was a disaster

49
Q

How did the provisional government upset the peasants?

A

I did not sort out the land problem

50
Q

What did the provisional government do with the conditions in the cities?

A

They were unable to improve conditions

51
Q

Why was the provisional government weak with decision-making?

A

They are indecisive and lacked support

52
Q

What did the provisional government losing support of the armies in the cities like Petrograd mean?

A

They had no one to protect them in October

53
Q

How did Lenin gain support for the Bolsheviks?

A

April thesis “peace, bread, land”

54
Q

What did the April thesis do?

A

Gained popularity

55
Q

What did the Kornilov Revolt do?

A

Armed the Bolsheviks with weapons

56
Q

What did control of the Petrograd Soviet mean for the Bolsheviks?

A

Give them support of the workers and the army units to take over

57
Q

What did Trotsky do?

A

Expertly plan the revolution and it goes like clockwork

58
Q

When was the October revolution?

A

October November 1917

59
Q

What did Lenin and Trotsky create to plan the uprising?

A

Military revolutionary committee with the support of soldiers loyal to the Petrograd Soviet

60
Q

What happened on 6 November during the October revolution?

A

They seize power stations, railways, banks and bridges

61
Q

Happened on 7 November during the October revolution?

A

The storm is the winter palace which was the provisional government headquarters and met little opposition which was only defended by young cadets and a women’s battalion this meant the provisional government surrendered

62
Q

What happened between October 1917 and August 1918?

A

The Bolshevik actions gained support and control

63
Q

What is three laws did Lenin make which help the Bolsheviks again popularity?

A

Land: he took all the ones in the rich and began to give it to the peasants, workers: he introduced an eight hour day for workers, factories: he gave control of the factories to the Soviets

64
Q

What did Lenin create to take control of decisions?

A

Dictatorship

65
Q

What did Lenin do to the leaders of the other parties?

A

arrested them

66
Q

Who were Lenin’s secret police?

A

Cheka

67
Q

What did the Cheka do?

A

Arrested people who did not like the Bolsheviks and many were executed

68
Q

Who were the red army?

A

The red guards became the red Army and were also used to control Russia

69
Q

What happened with the constituent assembly?

A

Lenin allowed people to vote for constituent assembly which met in 1918

70
Q

How many seats did the Bolsheviks get at the constituent assembly?

A

175 out of 707 so Lenin shut it down

71
Q

By what year was only the Communist party allowed?

A

1921

72
Q

When did the Bolsheviks end the war?

A

The bolsheviks ended the war in 1918- treaty of Brest-Litovsk

73
Q

How many men win the Russian army fighting in the war?

A

Over 6 million men

74
Q

Why did the war fail?

A

The minister of war, Sukhominlov was told 4.6 million rifles had to do 6.4 million men so they were only allowed 10 bullets each per day

75
Q

When would the battles of Tannenberg and masurian lakes?

A

August and September 1914

76
Q

How many men died during the battles of tannenberg and masurian lakes?

A

Over 1 million

77
Q

How many Russian railway engineers were there in 1914 compared to 1917?

A

20000 to 9000

78
Q

How many wagons of grain were reaching Moscow per year?

A

22000 in 1913 to 700 in 1917

79
Q

What was Rasputin also referred to as?

A

The ‘Mad Monk’

80
Q

Why did the people object to the Bolsheviks?

A

They wanted democracy not dictatorship

Like the Kadets who wanted the Constituent Assembly back

81
Q

Who wanted the Tsar back aiding towards the civil war?

A

The landowners who didn’t want their land divided among the peasants

82
Q

Why did the USA Britain and France help fight against the Bolsheviks?

A

They did not like communism and wanted Russia back in the war against Germany

83
Q

What was the Czech Legion?

A

50,000 soldiers had been captured by the Russians in the First World War they had made friends with the Bolsheviks and then change their mind and join the whites

84
Q

How were the white armies set out around Russia?

A

They are spread out and could not work together

85
Q

Who led the whites?

A

They’re not one single leader and they were many different groups who often did not like each other

86
Q

Name 4 white leaders

A

Wrangel
Denikin
Kolchak
Yudenich

87
Q

How were the Red troops set out in Russia?

A

They kept their force together around Moscow and Petrograd and let the individual White armies come to them

88
Q

Who controlled the railways during the civil war?

A

Reds

89
Q

Where did the white armies get other soldiers and weapons from?

A

Britain
France
USA

90
Q

How did the aid from foreign powers make the Whites look?

A

Weak; like they were puppets

91
Q

How was Trotsky good for the Red victory?

A

He was a skilful organised and motivator- he formed and led the red army which was a disciplined and feared fighting force

92
Q

What were the red army fighting for?

A

They were fighting to the death either way so fought ruthlessly and wanted a communist revolution

93
Q

Who killed the Tsar and his family?

A

Bolsheviks

94
Q

What was the “red terror”?

A

Policy held by the Cheka to install fear into people by beating, hanging, shooting and burning those who helped the whites

95
Q

What were the white generals like?

A

Some were brutal and ruled their territories with terror

Often the white generals were rich nobles which encouraged Russians to support the reds

96
Q

When was war communism?

A

1918-1921

97
Q

What was war communism?

A

A brutal economic policy to keep the red army going

98
Q

What did war communism mean for the peasants?

A

Took all the surplus off them- 5 million starved to death

Stopped producing as much produce as there was no point

99
Q

What happened to industry during war communism?

A

All industry with over 10 workers was controlled by the Bolsheviks
Production fell

100
Q

What happened to peasants who held back food during war communism?

A

Harsh punishments

101
Q

What did war communism lead to?

A

A rebellion lead by sailors at Kronstadt

102
Q

When was the rebellion at Kronstadt?

A

1921

103
Q

What did the rebellion at Kronstadt lead to?

A

Lenin ending war communism

104
Q

When was the New Economic Policy?

A

1921-1928

105
Q

How did the New economic policy compare to war communism?

A

It was less harsh

106
Q

What was the New Economic policy?

A

A step back from communist ideas to gain popularity

107
Q

How was industry controlled under the New Economic policy?

A

Major industry was still controlled but most was allowed to be owned privately
Instead they paid tax but could make a profit

108
Q

How did the New Economic policy affect peasants?

A

They could sell their surplus but pay a 10% tax

109
Q

How did production change under the New Economic policy?

A

It returned to how it had been before the war

110
Q

How popular was the New Economic policy?

A

Mute more popular with the people than war communism, however was disliked by some bolsheviks as it wasn’t very communist

111
Q

How much did prices in the cities rise by during the war?

A

Up to 700%

112
Q

What happened on the 8th march?

A

It was international women’s day and 90000 people were on strike in Petrograd

113
Q

On which date did the Tsar abdicate?

A

15th march 1917

114
Q

What did the treaty of Brest-litovsk state?

A

Russia lost 26% of its population, 27% of farmland, 74% of iron ore and coal
The Ukraine, Russia’s main our Economic of grain, was also lost

115
Q

How did electricity vary during war communism?

A

In 1913 - 1945 kWh

In 1921 - 520 kWh

116
Q

How did coal production change under war communism?

A

1913- 29
1921- 9
1926- 27

History (4 decks)

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