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History > Russia 1894-1917 > Flashcards

Russia 1894-1917 Flashcards

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1
Q

How was Nicholas II perceived?

A

Weak.

Lacked the strength of character of his father.

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2
Q

What year did Nicholas II become Tsar?

A

1894

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3
Q

What four factors culminated in the October Manifesto?

A

Long-term causes.
Short-term causes.
Bloody Sunday 1905.
The 1905 Revolution.

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4
Q

What were the short-term causes of the 1905 revolution?

A

Great Famine 1891-2.
Young People; universities 1901 Cossacks killed 13 students.
Peasant Unrest; years of the red cockerel. Stolypin.
Industrial strikes; 1894; 17,000 and 1904; 90,000

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5
Q

How may industrial strikes were there in 1904?

A

90,000

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6
Q

How many industrial strikes were there in 1894?

A

17,000

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7
Q

Who led the 1905 revolution?

A

Father Gapon

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8
Q

What were the short-term causes of the 1905 Revolution?

A

Russo-Japanese War. and Bloody Sunday.

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9
Q

Why was the Russo-Japanese War significant?

A

Ant-Japanese patriotism turned to opposition. Sinking of the entire Baltic fleet. Humiliation lost land in the east.

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10
Q

What happened on Bloody Sunday?

A

Workers at Pulitov Iron Works in St Petersburg marched with Father Gregorii Gapon. Demanding reform but pledged loyalty. 200 protesters killed.

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11
Q

What was the October Manifesto?

A

Promised civic freedom.

Established the state duma.

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12
Q

What quote sums up the October Manifesto?

A

‘We have been granted a constitution yet autocracy remains, we have been granted everything yet we have been granted nothing’.

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13
Q

What were the fundamental laws?

A

Allowed the tsar to veto legislation.
Rule by decree in emergency or when the Duma is not in session.
Overturn court verdicts.

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14
Q

What political groups were there in the Duma?

A 
SD Menshevik and Bolsheviks.
Octoberists .
Kadets.
Social Revolutionaries.
Rightists.
Progressives.
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15
Q

What were the first three dumas called?

A

Duma of National Hopes.
Duma of National Anger.
Duma of Lords and Lackeys.

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16
Q

What was the first state duma like?

A

Overwhelmingly radical-liberal.
1/3 deputies from peasantry.
Brought about Witte’s resignation.
Vote of no confidence in ministers, demanded resignation.

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17
Q

Why did 200 delegates from the frst state duma go to Finland?

A

They encouraged Finns not to pay taxes and to refuse national service.

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18
Q

What was the second state duma like?

A

Agrarian reform passed under emergancy powers.
Spread story that the duma plotted to assassinate the tsar, dissolved and arressted.
Illegal law to alter the franchise, increasing genry representation.

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19
Q

What was the third state duma like?

A

Submissive, passed 2,200 of 2,500 government proposals.
In 1911 it was suspended twice to force through legislation.
Run its course.

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20
Q

How was the courts distance from reality epitomised?

A

Rise of Gregorii Rasputin.

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21
Q

Between what years did Russia have 8% annual growth?

A

1894-1913

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22
Q

What did Sergei Witte do for Russia’s economy?

A

Railway extension.
Coal output increase 360% 1890-1900.
Gold standard.
25% income from investments

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23
Q

What developments were there in Russia’s railway?

A

70% state owned in 1900.
Linked grain-growing areas to Black Sea ports.
By 1913 Russia had the 2nd largest railway in the world.

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24
Q

What developments were there in heavy industry?

A

Factory workers doubled 1.3 million to 2.6 million 1908.
By 1914 Russia was the 4th largest producer of coal, pig iron and steel.
Caspian sea port of Baku, oil production from 153 million puds to 570 million between 1885-1913.
1900-1913 8.5% growth a year.

25
Q

What developments were there in agriculture?

A 
Population grew, land did not.
Traditional strip farming.
1896 Government-sponsored emigration to Siberia.
Lack of husbandry 4x output in GB.
Kulaks.
26
Q

What were Stolypin’s land reforms?

A

Wanted land to be in one piece.
Peasant land bank.
1907 redemtion payments abolished.
Grain production rose from 56 million tonnes in 1900 to 90 million tonnes by 1914.
By 1914 only 10% of land was privately owned.

27
Q

When was the government drive to emigrate to Siberia, how many people emigrated?

A
  1. 3.5 million emigrated.
28
Q

How many factory workers were there in 1900 compared to 1913?

A

2 million in 1900.

6 million in 1913.

29
Q

By 1914 how many people in St Petersburg were peasants at birth?

A

3/4 compared with 1/3 50 years earlier.

30
Q

What problems were there with housing in cities?

A

40% without running water.
190-9 30,000 died of cholera.
High rents.

31
Q

What happened in the Lena Goldfields massacre? how many died? when was it?

A

500 killed in 1912.

32
Q

Between what years was 1/3 of noble land given to peasants?

A

1861-1905

33
Q

How many children were in full-time education in 1914>

A

55%.

45% literate.

34
Q

What did the Tver zemstovo do in 1895?

A

Asked to set up an advisory body..

35
Q

Between what years did the Social revolutionaries assassinate 2,000 people, including two ministers of the interior?

A

1901-5.

Assassinated Pytor Stolypin in 1911.

36
Q

In what year did the Social Democrats split?

A

1903

37
Q

What opposition did the Trade Unions Provide?

A

1907 economic slump rose unemployment.
Shooting at the Lena Goldfields massacre provided a new impetus after the 1911 economic recovery.
Confined to St Petersburg with 3/4 strikes.
Geographically limited.
12% enetrprise experienced a strike.

38
Q

Between what years were over 1,000 Trade Unions closed down or denied registration?

A

1906-10

39
Q

Why did the fourth state duma dissolve itself in 1914?

A

To not be a burden during wartime.

40
Q

What was the Zemgor>

A

Created in 1915 by Prince Luvov to help the war effort. Denied influence.

41
Q

Why was Rasputin a problem?

A

After the tsar left for the army he was left in St Persburg and interfered with political matters.

42
Q

After what defeat did the tsar take command of the Russian armed forces? What was the result>

A

After the battle of Galica defeat in September 1915.

Overtones of bravery turned to blame.

43
Q

What problems were there with war preparations?

A

2/3 soldiers had weapons.
Artillery limited to 2 or 3 shells a day.Munitions shortage Christmas 1914.
In 1916 production of rifles doubled and artillery quadrupled at the expense of civilian needs.

44
Q

How many troops had deserted by 1916?

A

1.5 million.

45
Q

How many men were mobilized between 1914-17?

A

15 million.

46
Q

What happened during the February Revolution?

A

Bread would be rationed. Hundreds of thousands marched. 250,000 joined the International Womens Day March.
La Marseilles was played.
The tsar ignored the Duma president that ‘Hesitation is fatal’.
66,000 soldiers mutiny as they refuse to shoot protesters. Army pledges support to the 12-man duma committee.
The tsar is denied to share power.
304 years of the Romanov dynasty collapsed.

47
Q

What was Dual power in 1917? What was it like?

A

Between the provisional government and the Petrograd Soviet.

PG disciplined deserters, PS encouraged workers to defy authority and assert their rights.

48
Q

Who was a member of both the Provisional Government and the Petrograd soviet?

A

Kerensky

49
Q

What was the Kornilov Coup?

A

Commander-in-chief Kornilov attempted to take the city.

Bolsheviks released from jail and red guard set up.

50
Q

How much had prices inflated in October 1917 snice 1914?

A

755%

51
Q

What happened when Lenin returned to Russia?

A

90 minute speech as the ‘April Thesis’ in Pravda.
‘All power to the soviets’.
‘Peace, bread and land’.

52
Q

What happened in the July Days?

A

Workers, soldiers and sailors rioted. 586 factories closed due to shortages and 100,000 lost jobs.
Bolshevik leaders arrested, lenin fled.

53
Q

Why did the Kornilov coup help the Bolsheviks?

A

Released them from jail.

Supplied them with weapons.

54
Q

What happened during the October revolution?

A

10-2 Vote on 10th October than ‘an armed rising is the order of the day’.
Kerensky raised the bridges connected the working-class areas to the central city.
24th-25th October with support of the MRC, 5,000 soldiers and sailors too key positions in the capital.
On 25th October, the Battleship Aurora fired at the winter palace.

55
Q

How many people were involved in the October 1917 revolution?

A

30,000 at most according to Trotsky.

It was a series of ‘small operation, calculated and prepared in advance’.

56
Q

What Bolsheviks spoke against the coup?

A

Kamonev and Zinoviev.

At the second All-Russian congress of Soviets.

57
Q

What legislation did the Sovnarkom pass?

A 
Outlawed sex discrimination.
Made peace.
Abolished private land, allowed peasants to seize it without compensation.
Self-determination Finland.
Nationalized church and banks.
58
Q

How did the Bolsheviks suppress opposition?

A 
Kerensky tries to take moscow with 18 cossack regiments, failed.
Lenin agreed to inter-part talks.
Two SR's appointed to the Sovnarkom.
Propaganda against the bourgeoisie.
Closure of anti-Bolshevik newspapers.
Purge of the civil service.
Checka established.
59
Q

What happened to the November constituent assembly?

A

SR’s won.
Lenin claimed ‘we must not be decived by the election figures. Elections prove nothing’.
It met for one day in January 1918, after Lenin dissolved it.

History (2 decks)

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