Rural-urban Links Flashcards
What does urban mean ?
-busy built up environment
-people live close together at high population densities
-large towns and cities
What does rural mean ?
-countryside with open space and low population densities
-small villages and farms
What does population density mean ?
-number of people that live in a square kilometre
-pop. density= number of people / land area (km)
What’s the sphere of influence ?
-area a settlement attracts people from to use their services/ facilities
-large cities have a larger sphere of influence than a small town
What is the urban rural continuum ?
-merging of town and countryside with no clear boundary
What is the threshold population ?
-minimum number of people needed to allow a shop/ service to be successful
-corner shop small
-Tesco large
What is a commuter ?
-someone who travels between home and work on a regular basis
-penarth to Cardiff
What is rush hour ?
-peak flow of traffic on roads as people travel to work, school etc
-7-9am and 4-6pm
What is counter urbanisation ?
-movement of people from urban cities to small towns and accessible villages on the urban rural fringe
What is the settlement hierarchy ?
-ranks settlements in order of size, services and population
-from high to low
What are push factors ?
-reasons to move away from urban cities
-crime or pollution
What are pull factors to countryside?
-reasons for movement to the countryside
-clean air, more space
What’s a service provision ?
-amount of services provided for people in a settlement
-rural services are falling
What is rural depopulation ?
-young economically active are moving to more urban areas
What’s rural poverty ?
-poverty found in rural areas that can affect people and jobs
What’s tele-working ?
-working from home in a rural area using technology and ICT
What’s some examples of rural deprivation ?
-high unemployment, poor education and skills
-few youth opportunities, few health services and inadequate housing
What are accessible rural areas ?
-on the rural urban fringe
-improved transport routes
-improved job opportunities and attract new residents
What are remote rural areas ?
-in the deep green
-limited transport services
-poor public services
-lack of job opportunities
-causing depopulation
What are sustainable rural communities?
-protect natural countryside resources
-maintain the economy and jobs
Why is the boundary between urban and rural SE wales unclear ? (Urban rural continuum)
-lack of space urban areas grown outwards eating into countryside
-boundary between urban and rural has become blurred
-some rural places are able to have more accessibility to large cities with good transport links
-deep green areas on other end of continuum are not easy to commute to
Why is the sphere of influence higher for Cardiff than Bridgend ?
-cities like cardiff act as a hub proving employment, shops and entertainment
-it has shops and services that are more specialist and so people willing to travel further
What are some reasons for counter urbanisation (push factors) ?
-crime
-older poor quality of housing
-congestion
-pollution
-expensive land values and pricing
-overcrowding
-racial tension
What are some reasons for counter urbanisation? (Pull factors )
-safer environment
-good education
-job opportunities as businesses move
-lower land values and more affordable housing
-better quality of life
-less pollution
-green space
How has improved technology encouraged counter urbanisation?
-rapid growth encouraged people to work and shop from home
-teleworking allows people to run businesses from home without having to commute
-internet shopping, banking and delivery services allow people to be part of global network whilst living in countryside
How has better transport encouraged counter urbanisation?
-improved roads, rail services and motorways enable people to travel to urban areas in less time
-commuting more easily
-easily visit city to shop, entertainment
Why have people moved to accessible rural lantwit ?
-access to countryside for leisure activities like horse riding and golf
-good transport links to nearby urban areas
-variety of shops and services such as doctors, banks, libraries
-new housing developments offer affordable housing
How does the urban sphere of influence impact services in remote rural villages ?
-remote areas in the deep green are suffering
-villages like Llanelly Hill in Monmouthshire have poor communications, loss of farming and mining jobs, less services-one bus stop a day
-so younger people moved away in an attempt to improve opportunities for education, jobs and entertainment
How has technology influenced changes in services in rural villages ?
-cities sphere of influence increases and technology improves so rural areas are losing their services
-internet is used to pay bills and communicate- post office not needed
-people shop online or travel out of town for retail
-people favour cars-bus/ train services reduced
-machines do farming and mining jobs
-young families move to urban areas for better services- school clothes
-llanelly hill population fallen from 6000 to 3000 and 7% are unemployed
What are the causes of rural poverty and deprivation in wales ?
-deep green areas decrease in population as employment opportunities in farming and mining jobs gone- machinery used
-imported food and raw materials are cheaper so less interest in UK farmed goods
-housing is limited due to restrictions building in national park areas
What services are available in a rural village ?
-post office
-small primary school
-church
-bus service
-pub
-convenience store
What services are available in urban towns ?
-university
-high schools
-shopping centres
-bus train and taxi services
-council buildings
-large offices
-entertainment like cinema restaurant and theatre
Why are higher order goods and services only available in urban towns and cities ?
-larger the settlement and bigger the population the greater amount of services available
-cities have high demand for services like theatres, hospitals and universities
-high order goods like furniture stores are in urban areas ad there is less of them and people willing to travel further to reach them- sphere of influence
-need a range of population to make them worthwhile and transport in cities is good so these services and more accessible
What economic impacts has counter urbanisation had on rural areas like llantwit major ?
-village shops are replaced by large supermarkets and independent shops cannot compete with prices
-older traditional shops close as many people commute in the day and shops lose business
What social impacts has counter urbanisation had on rural areas like llantwit ?
-community and traditional feel lost- newcomers increase the village side and reduce tight knit community
-more people in the village so overcrowding- 4000 to 9000 between 1961 to 2011
-increased congestion and pollution- more cars in village and commuting so rush hour busy
Why do so many people commute to Cardiff and what has this meant ?
-In wales 135,000 people commute as more people are living in rural villages on the continuum
-travel time to work, school, shops etc has increased
-people rely on cars to allow them to commute which causes conjestion
What are the problems associated with transport as commuters travel to Cardiff ?
-30% of UK have 2+ cars
-narrow roads lead to congestion as these roads built in 19th century and not designed for heavy traffic
-poor public transport
-increases co2 in the air
-businesses have low productivity as it means people are late for work etc
What are the social effects of rural depopulation ?
-services have to close due to lack of demand so area becomes isolated
-health care and public services like libraries also close making area even more isolated
-lack of community spirit
What are some economic issues of rural depopulation ?
-young people move away as entertainment jobs and transport links are poor which means only aging population are left- cannot support the economy
-isolated areas means less interest for businesses and unemployment will increase
What are some strategies for creating sustainable rural communities?
-The Welsh governments RDP aims to provide sustainable rural communities by protecting jobs, natural resources and standards of living
-transport networks will be improved with better bus services and internet connection
-new farming practises will be used
-focus on food investment schemes that encourage local produce to be sold nationally
-homes won’t be sold to second homeowners
What are some solutions to traffic problems associated with commuters travelling to and from Cardiff ?
-flexi time prevents many cars being on the road at rush hour
-improved public transport- cheaper bus and train tickets with more routes
-car sharing schemes- HBO rewards workers for sharing lifts
-congestion charges and tolls
-cycle paths
What’s birth rate ?
-number of live births per 1000 of the population
What is death rate ?
-number of deaths per 1000 of the population
What’s natural increase ?
-more births then deaths
What’s natural decrease ?
-more deaths then births
Whats migration ?
-movement of people from one place to another
-domestic or international
What is infant mortality?
-number of babies that die before the age of one
What’s the aging population ?
-elderly people
-65+
What’s the economically active ?
-people within a country or region that are of working age and can contribute to the economy
What are the elderly dependants ?
-people that are old and not working
-rely on working for healthcare, public services and pensions
What’s the young dependants ?
-people that are too young to work and rely on the working for education and public services
What are unskilled migrants ?
-work in low paid jobs
-require little training or education
-cleaners etc
What are skilled migrants ?
-work in jobs that require an education and expertise in training
-IT, Medicine and law
What is a sustainable community?
-renewable energy to reduce co2
-recycling
-local jobs and transport
-brownfield site location
What’s Egans wheel ?
-used to see how sustainable a community is
-has 8 sections including transport, services, environment and well being
What’s a brownfield site ?
-sites that are disused/ derelict that could be regenerated
-tiger bay into Cardiff bay
What is a greenfield sites ?
-country site that is yet to be built on
-outskirts of Cambridge
What’s CBD ?
-central business district
-central area of a city where shops, businesses etc are located
Whats regeneration ?
-redevelopment of brownfield sites
How many people live in the UK ?
-65 million
-by 2040 there will be about 75 million
Why is the UKs population changing ?
-increased life expectancy due to better healthcare, diets and standard of living
-migration
-changing birth rates- birth rates are low cause UK is a HIC and women have education, birth control but number had risen slightly due to migrants having families of their own
Where is the population of the UK growing fastest and why ?
-UK population growth is quite uneven
-greatest increase in southeast and London
-smallest in Scotland and N England
-due to greater prosperity in the SE and larger cities with more jobs
-migrants usually enter country from ports in these regions
What are some economic challenges with aging population ?
-are there enough people to work and pay taxes to support elderly
What are some health problems associates with aging population ?
-can nhs and social services cope with increased geriatric care
What are some social problems associated with aging population ?
-can we provide housing for the elderly, maintain there quality of life and provide adequate facilities, transport and entertainment?
What are some features of a sustainable community?
-brownfield sites as they don’t disturb natural landscape
-near to public transport to reduce co2 emissions
-green technologies like wind solar to reduce co2
-local jobs
-affordable low cost buildings for families
-local facilities available to reduce car use
What is an example of a sustainable community?
-Bedzed in Surrey
-Carbon neutral development
-82 houses
-homes have roof gardens, waste water recycling and solar energy
-well insulated to reduce energy consumption
Whats an example of a CBD high street shopping ?
-Cardiff City centre
-high density buildings
-commercial buildings and shops
-near to many commercial businesses
-lots of good transport routes
-parking is costly and limited
-expensive land
-little space for redevelopment
-narrow roads
What is an example of a out of town retail park ?
-Cardiff Bay retail park
-low density
-lots of space
-many shops and superstores
-leisure facilities
-free parking
-several shops under one roof
-accessible roads of deliveries and customers
-less mobile cannot get there
-congested during weekends and rush hours
What are some economic reasons for a change in shopping habits ?
-society is richer
-more people have well paid office jobs
-more disposable incomes including teens with pocket money
What are some technological reasons for a change in shopping habits ?
-internet has enabled people to shop from home
-Car ownerships has increased allowing counter urbanisation
-people use of our town shops and internet for convenience
What are some cultural reasons for a change in shopping habits ?
-multicultural society encourages new restaurants and shops to open which increases range of goods available
What are some solutions for the aging population ?
-raise the age of retirement so people work longer and pay taxes for longer and claim pension later in life
-increase levels of migration to help fill labour shortages
-encourage the working tax paying population to save more through private work pension
-encourage people to remain healthy and active so there’s less pressure on NHS in later years
Why is there an uneven distribution of elderly in the UK?
-on the south coast 23% of the population are over 65
-however in London 10% of population are over 65
-elderly people often attracted to flat land, coastal scenery, cleaner air, better weather and peace and quiet
-penarth is often seen as a retirement town with many cafes, retirement homes etc.
Why are we building on greenfield sites ?
increase in population, lack of housing
Why is oxfords new town Wheatley seen as both a positive and negative by different groups of people ?
-Where demand for houses is greater than the supply, the price of homes has risen rapidly
-in Oxford houses are 15x higher then the average wage
-Oxford city council needed to build 32,000 houses by 2031 and many will be built on greenfield sites including Wheatley
-the site will extend village of Wheatley and so it will loose its character
-however it is situated near poor quality farmland next to A40
-farmers, villagers and planners would all view this site differently
What is brownfield development like in cardiff bay ?
-brownfield sites often used for regeneration
-recently old dock land sites are being redeveloped into retail units, bars, offices etc. which attracts young people back into inner city area to live and work
-1987 Cardiff Bay development corporation CBDC was set up to regenerate old dockland area of tiger bay
-it was completed in 1999 and cost £13 million
-Cardiff bay now home to many attractions such as mermaid quay, oval basin and techniques
-about 30,000 new jobs in st David’s hotel, bbc wales and HBOS banking etc.
-1.5 million visitors a year travel to Bay Area
What are the benefits of internet shopping ?
-customers can compare prices and buy products that are not available locally, cheaper prices
-can buy in comfort of home regardless of mobility
-less time consuming- avoids travel, car parking queues
-traffic congestion is reduced
-business can thrive online and internationally
-jobs are provided for those delivering products and working in warehouses
What are the negatives of internet shopping ?
-not everyone especially the elderly have internet access
-shops loose trade and jobs
-more delivery vans increase traffic congestion and pollution
-rural areas that can access online banking and shopping services create less demand in local stores that may close
-many shops like HMV or blockbusters may have to close due to internet competition
Where are out of town shopping centres situated ?
-outskirts of urban areas
-land is cheap with lots of space
-road links to suburban housing estates and villages are good for people with cars
Why have out of town shopping centres increased in popularity?
-car ownership has increased
-land values are low so shopping centres have large floor areas to store more goods and variety of products
-free car parking available
-nearby main roads which makes delivery of foods easier
-out of town shopping centres contain large well known stores and have attracts for all the family
-culver house cross
What are some positive and negative social and cultural impacts due to migration ?
-immigrants have opened restaurants and shops encouraging a mix of cultures
-however tension between uk residents and migrants has increased. Crime rates may have risen and often this is blamed on migrants
-Migrants take the blame for lack of jobs and putting strain in public services and housing
What are some positive and negative economic impacts due to migration ?
-job shortages are filled which boosts the UKs economy
-new businesses are able to open like restaurants and shops which makes economy diverse
-taxes are paid that contribute to elderly and economy
-many migrants send money back home to their families (remittances) rather than being down in the UK to benefit out businesses
-a small % of immigrants move to the UK for the free housing, healthcare and education and do not contribute to the economy
Why do we need more housing in the UK ?
-3 million new homes are needed by 2030
-people are living longer, marrying later and there has been a rise in single parents families
-experiencing immigration from other country
-small households means more accommodation is needed
Why is it difficult to cater for growing housing needs ?
-lack of council housing being built and builder shortages
-building new, affordable homes in urban areas is difficult as land values are high and land is in short supply
-700,000 empty homes in UK
-building on greenfield sites is good as lots of space but it’s costly and bad for the environment
-building in brownfields sites in cheaper as roads and power supply in place but space is limited
Why has there been a decline in city centres ?
-suffered with the development of out of town retail centres
-independent stores have closed as they’re not getting enough customers and can’t afford to pay rent
-many cannot afford car ownership so the out of town shopping centres are inaccessible to them meaning that closure of city centre stores is devastating for these people
What main things did the Cardiff city centre regeneration project focus on ?
-transport improvements- cheaper bus fares and more frequent buses, better train services and wider roads for cars on Newport road etc.
-events promotion and tourism development- the visit Cardiff website promotes tourism, more hotels built to accommodate tourists, millennium stadium hosts sporting and musical events
-cultural development and restoring cities heritage- Cardiff castle, churches and museums have been rebuilt in city centre
-increase in housing quality
What is the Bluewater shopping mall, Kent ?
-retail and leisure complex
-built in 1998 on a brownfield disused quarry
-accessible from M25
-£400 million to build
-25 million visit a year (large threshold population)
-has great transport links from central London
-foot and cycle paths so locals can safely visit
-space allows free car parking
Why has there been a decline in city centre/ high street shopping ?
-CBD (central business district) is commercial centre of city, high land values
-oldest zone with main shops, offices and banks
-st Mary’s street and queen street
-roads and narrow and old- unable to accommodate for huge amounts of traffic as car ownership increases, congestion and means it takes time to reach city centre
-car parking is limited
-building and shops are outdated-little pedestrian areas, low rows of shops that can be hard to get to
-counter urbanisation means less people live near the city centre so people prefer out of town retail parks/ online shopping closer to their homes
-Businesses are relocating to out of town locations
-transport routes and services are poor
What does urbanisation mean ?
-increase of people living in urban areas
-54% of worlds population lives in cities
What are global/ world cities ?
-considered to be important in the global economic system
-1- London
-2- NY
-3- Paris
-4- Tokyo
What’s globalisation ?
-process that connects places economically, socially, politically or cultural
-trade, migration, transport and communications all encourage this process
What are alpha cities ?
-cities that connect important economic regions with the rest of the worlds economy
-New York, London and mumbai
What are mega cities ?
-cities with a population over 10 million
-298 mega cities in 2015
What is GNI/ GNP ?
-Gross national product/ income
-the value of earnings of a country in a year, this can be divided per person to see the average wealth per person in a country
What is a NIC ?
-Newly Industrialised country
-recently developed its economy and trade links around the world
-Brazil, china and India
What’s a HIC ?
-high income country
-country with high level of economic and social development with a high GPI/GPD
-UK, USA and Japan
What is a LIC ?
-low income country
-low level of economic and social development with a low GDP/ GNI
-Malawi, Ethiopia
What is a TNC/ MNC ?
-Trans/ Multi national company
-large company with many factories around the world
-Nike, Tata steel
What is a formal economy ?
-taxed and recognised by the government
-people receive a regular wage
What is the informal economy ?
-people who’s jobs are not taxed or monitored by the government
-rag pickers
What is a shanty/ slum house ?
- lived in by poor people who have informal incomes
-they build makeshift homes informally
What is deprivation ?
-how much people are lacking there basic needs
-takes into account income and job types as well as people’s health, community, safety and environment
What are the two main causes of urbanisation ?
-Rural to urban migration- push factors in rural areas make people move to urban areas, pull factors attract people to the city
-Natural increase of population- falling death rates whilst birth rates remain high so more people in urban areas
What are the benefits of rapid urbanisation ?
-growth in industrial production (greater man power and skills)
-growth of trade as new business attracted to area
-labour demand (jobs) increases GDP and reduces poverty
What are the problems of rapid urbanisation ?
-overcrowding
-pressure on resources (education, water, medical care, transport)
-housing and land shortages
-not enough jobs- high unemployment
-social problems like increased crime, cultural segregation
-difficulty disposing of waste
-pollution
-congestion
What are some facts about Mumbais location ?
-India’s largest mega city
-18.4 million population
What are some facts about Mumbais economy ?
-most globally connected city in South Asia
-12th mega city in the world
-contributes to 40% of Indias foreign trade
-home to India’s most specialised industries (engineering, medical research and shipbuilding)
-Bollywood and other media industries based in India
-alongside this wealth is many unskilled workers working in the informal workforces who are street sellers
-huge contrast of wealth in Mumbai
Why has Mumbai grown so rapidly as a city ?
-combination of natural increase and rural to urban migration (urbanisation)
-fertility rate is falling (1.8 children per women) as people have more education and choosing to focus on career
-still experiencing population growth due to rural to urban migration
-pull factors include cheap rail fares and push factors include poverty in rural areas ands poor standard of housing, healthcare and sanitation
What are some facts about Cardiffs location ?
-largest city in wales
-population of 341,000
-south east wales
-growth restricted from M4 road and Severn estuary
What are some facts about Cardiff’s economy ?
-strong local sphere of influence
-many use city for work, entertainment
-has national and global links
-home to Welsh government, direct rail links to London, flight from Cardiff airport
-several BBC TV programmes like dr who and Sherlock filmed here
-these media and cultural links place it 248th in the world
What’s some reasons for Cardiff city’s growth ?
-economic growth resulted in rural urbanisation- between 1850 and 1920 Cardiff experienced huge economic growth so people moved to cities to work in coal related industries based in docks. Houses in Bute town and riverside provided homes for dockworkers. These areas became crowded so people preferred to live in suburban areas like Whitchurch. Better public transport and car ownership meant people could live further away from place of work. More houses built due to support people moving to suburban areas. Regeneration has also encouraged people to move to Cardiff.
-natural population change- population significantly grown in last 200 years
-immigration- multicultural city. In 19th century migrants moved to Cardiff from many countries of British empire/ European countries. Most settled in Bute town close to the docks where most worked- tiger bay. Today 8% of cardiffs population are from ethnic minorities. Largest communities are from South Asia and east Africa. Most are clustered in communities throughout inner city in grangetown etc. pull factors include halal food and restaurants and mosques. Push factors are civil war in Somalia encouraged them to flee their home and many came to. Cardiff.
Today where are the largest industrialised cities located ?
-Asia
-In early 19th century used to be located in Europe and North America
-Alpha cities distributed unevenly but most in northern hemisphere
-greatest concentration is Europe and n America
- cluster in Middle East (Arab oil and wealth)
What are some transport challenges of Mumbai’s rapid urban growth ?
-as city has grown across Thane Creek its form a large metropolitan region
-with a growing population housing, transport etc. are essential
-Railway networks link Mumbai to its suburbs- only 4 rail crossings onto the island and so this creates congestion for Mumbai’s 7.5 million commuters
-they are carrying 3x the amount of passengers then what they were designed for
-at least 9 people a day die on Mumbai’s railways
What are some transport solutions for Mumbai ?
-a rapid transport system is needed to transport 7.5 million commuters to central Mumbai daily
-Increase platform length/ width- less overcrowding and falling onto railway lines
-Flexible working hours- reduces amount of passengers at rush hour
-demolish informal housing- prevents slum dwellers from crossing train tracks
-doors on carriages/ no travelling on roof
What are some housing issues due to Mumbai’s urban growth ?
-overcrowding, poor sanitation and homes in danger of collapsing
-there are three types of houses where the urban poor are most at risk
-Chawls- 4/5 story rented building, families live in single rooms along corridors, basic toilet facilities are shared, poor ventilation and overcrowding but affordable
-squatter/ slum homes- 1/2 story buildings built without planning control. 73% share the same toilet
-Pavement dwellers- live in huts on pavements, pay rent to criminals who control pavements, illegal structures, demolished by the authorities, many children live here
What is an example of a housing solutions in Mumbai ?
-Bhendi Bazaar is busy marketplace that is densely populated (20,000 people live in chawls)
-narrow roads, unsafe buildings and poor sanitation
-no proper waste disposal and water supplied for only few hours a day
-in 2015 the Maharashtra state developed a plan for $1 billion plan for area to undergo regeneration
-involves pulling down 250 buildings and over 1000 market stalls and replacing them with 17 high rise towers
-redevelopment aims to be sustainable with a mix of new homes and shops so people can work locally
-wide roads and pavements will replace narrow roads
-open space for leisure, parks etc.
-mosques improved and more car parks and better transport connections
What are some challenges of urban growth in Cardiff and how has it effected wealth ?
-like other cities Cardiff has areas where residents have high incomes whilst others have much lower, these neighbour hoods can exist very close to one another. Riverside stretches all the way down river taff near to more affluent areas of Pontcanna
-Poverty and deprivation are higher in inner city Cardiff because
-poor quality older housing- overcrowding, leaky roofs, no central heating
-closing down of inner city industry- higher unemployment, ethnic minorities unskilled workers
-little access to open space and green areas- poor physical movement with limited space to improve
What are some solutions for Cardiff housing and social issues ?
-cycle paths have been adapted along Penarth road to make it safe for bike users
-bus routes have increased to make city more accessible for less mobile
-Planters and small community gardens have improved the greenery of the area in places like Butetown and Clifton
-police are working closely with the local communities to reduce crime and increase safety
-shops have been given subsides by the welsh government to encourage ethnic minorities to set up community based shops
What are the 5 main factors that make a city global ?
-Migration and culture- attract economic migrants in search of work, cultural diversity in religion, food and language. About 300 languages are spoken in London
-Finance and trade- contain financial centres such as banks, head offices. These buy and cell commodities on the world market
-Transport hubs- well connected to major airports and ports enables flow of tourists, people and trade
-ideas and information- home to broadcasting companies that share ideas and information through media (tv, news and radio)
-governance and decision making- business managers and politicians that can make decisions affecting people world wide (houses of parliament )
How is Mumbai a global city ?
-Hindi film industry Bollywood is based in Mumbai and employs 175,000 people
-Tata steel employs people in over 100 countries is based in Mumbai
-Mumbai international airport can fly to Europe, Middle East and Asia, London 9hrs and Hong Kong is 6hrs
With Mumbais housing redevelopment what were some opinions ?
-City planners- new development widens roads for improved transport, improves safety against fires and reduces diseases from rats and hygiene issues
-Pavement dwellers- owners of market stalls will be evicted and wont benefit from new homes. Lose jobs and be forced to move back to rural areas
-Firefighters- wider streets make it easier for fire engines to tackle fires. Less fires with the removal of congested shawls
How do those working through the informal economy contribute the Indias development ?
-Dharavi is Indias largest slum- home to 1 million people, informal settlement and recycles Mumbais rubbish. Rag pickers recycle 80% of Mumbais waste and contribute about £700 million to Mumbais economy
