Development And Resource Issues Flashcards
What’s a development continuum ?
The linear scale showing the path to development running from LICs to HICs
What’s the development gap ?
The divide between rich and poor
In 2016 how much did the richest 20% consume ?
80% of the words resources
How much money did the poorest 20% of people receive in 2016?
1.3% of global income
What countries have the highest rates of population growth ?
-LICs
-Malawi
-Niger
What are some countries experiencing population decline ?
-Japan
-Russia
-Ukraine
In what ways are the economy’s different in HICs and LICs ?
-HICs= formal jobs
-LICs= informal jobs, agricultural jobs
This means there’s a huge contrast in a countries average GNI
What’s GNI ?
-gross national income
-a measure of the total income of a country divided by number of people in that country
Why is the world unevenly developed ?
-human factors= wars, political instability
-physical factors= climate, relief, natural hazards
-also global trade
What is development like in Mumbai ?
-NIC
-people move there from rural areas
-important in trading through out India
-many large multinational companies located here such as Coca Cola and tata steel
-these provide imployment and generate income across the region
What are some of the believed pull factors about Mumbai ?
-social= better housing and services eg healthcare
-economic= more jobs and higher wages
-environmental= better living conditions with safer environments
What are some of the realistic challenges in Mumbai ?
-social= poor housing conditions and crime
-economic= law wages or unemployment
-environmental= polluted drinking water and lack of sanitation
What’s a problem of rapid rural to urban migration in Mumbai ?
-development of squatter settlements like dharavi (home to 1 million people)
-overcrowded and noisy
-houses made from materials like cardboard and plastic
-lack of sanitation and clean drinking water
-diseases
How can squatter settlements be improved ?
-Brazil is an NIC with lots of squatter settlements
-squatter settlements have even improved by self help schemes
-this is where residents improve their home with help from local authority
-for example local authority may provide cheap building materials or a loan for residents to purchase
-residents make the improvements themselves
What are the impacts of multinational companies in Mumbai ?
-often the MNC take advantage of lower wages, reduced government interference and cheaper rental costs
What is the most recognised MNC in the world ?
-coca cola
-Found in over 200 countries
-estimated 95% of the world recognise its famous logo
What are the advantages of Coca Cola in Mumbai ?
-they’ve invested over 2 billion dollars in India since 2011
-employed 25,000 people directly and 1 million indirectly
-leads to increase tax to the Indian government by workers creating a positive multiplier effect
-workers can develop skills, apprenticeships and training courses for local people
-coca cola provide financial support to local issued such as drug awareness and disaster relief programmes
What are the disadvantages of Coca Cola in Mumbai ?
-many feel Coca Cola is depleting ground water supplies across the region, local farmers reported having to dig nearly 250 feet for water which once stood at only 500, water is as essential element of Coca Cola
-land is said to be poisoned as waste from the Coca Cola factory ends up in water supplies and agricultural lands
-workers overworked and underpaid which wouldn’t pass health and safety regulations in western countries
-drinking Coca Cola also increases health related issues due to large amounts of sugar and caffeine, puts strain on health services
What are some facts about Kenya ?
-lies along the equator, east coast of Africa
-capital city is nairobi
-population of 46 million
-very diverse population with over 40 ethnic groups
-its a LIC
-gross national income is $1290 per person compared to $42000 per person in the UK
-life expectancy is 62 years
What are tourism on the economy in Kenya ?
-its vitally important to the economy
-LICs keen to attract tourists to promote development
-its English speaking and this has helped the launch of tourism
-over 1.3 million visitor travelled to Kenya in the peak of 2011 spending £600 million
What are some of the attractions in Kenya ?
-hot climate
-located on the coast
-its safari parks, coral reefs and sandy beaches
What are the positive effects of tourism in Kenya ?
-improves living standards with more school and hospitals
-infrastructure improved
-foreign exchange allows purchase of imported goods
-safari parks protect animals from poachers and stop extinction
-local tribes can make money by selling handicrafts 7
What are the negative effects of tourism in Kenya ?
-jobs are low paid and temporary
-foreign MNC own 80% of hotels and travel companies so most of the profits go back to them
-traditional ways like tribes may be lost in order to make a living
-game park buses cause soil erosion and can alter animal behaviour
-hotels use a lot of water `
Why has tourism stopped in Kenya ?
-political factors and terrorist attacks in 2013 and 14 have caused a huge decline in visitors
-also harassment of tourists has caused a decline
What is aid ?
-assistance given from one country to another
-money, equipment, training or loans
-foreign aid from the government or NGOs
What are the 6 types of aid ?
-BILATERAL AID- country receiving the aid must spend the money on goods and services from the country providing it
-MULTILATERAL AID- HIC donate money through organisations such as the UN and world bank
-SHORT TERM EMERGENCY AID- provides immediate support during or after disasters- food, medicines and tents
-LONG TERM AID- education for young people, continuous programme to improve standards of living
-DEBT ABOLITION- when richer countries cancel debt owed to them by poorer countries
-NON GOVERNMENTAL AID- aid provided via charities
What are some facts about Kenyas poverty ?
-more than 17 million Kenya’s don’t have access to clean water
-more than 10,000 children die every year from illness like diarrhoea and malaria
What non government aid did Kenya have ?
-Christian aid worked to provide clean and safe water supplies
-system of drains- remove waste from slums and prevent flooding which is a big problem in rainy season
-sanitation block- partly funded by local government, toilets showers and water
-local people have been employed to maintain the toilets and showers
The positing outcomes of this are=
-fewer illness have been reported since drains installed
-clean drinking water has improved health
-attitudes have changed towards health and sanitation
What has foreign aid done in Kenya ?
-2012 they received $2654 million in foreign aid
-intended for building and infrastructure improvements, funding education programmes
-sending experts like doctors to help set up projects
-provide basic provisions following a disaster
What’s free trade ?
-since 1980s trading has increased
-able to trade relatively freely
-its being questioned this is actually fair
What’s fair trade like in Kenya ?
-flower industry grown rapidly and are sold
-due to effective growing there’s often a surplus of flowers available for export
-leads to drop in value and puts farmers out of business
-WTO laws prevents Kenya farmers from acquiring subsidies which makes it worse
What is being done to help Kenyan farmers ?
-fair trade agreement with British super markets like Sainsbury’s
-some Kenyan farmers are now fair trade producers
-fair trade certified farms must ensure safety and working conditions for employees
-also they’re guaranteed work and fair prices for their goods unlike freetrade
What’s water surplus ?
A location that has more water than required
What’s a water deficit ?
A place that has less water than required
How does water vary throughout the world ?
-EQUATOR- enough water as air rises which causes high levels of rainfall
-NORTH OF EQUATOR- water scarcity as air falls here and so its very dry
-SOUTH OF EQUATOR- water scarcity, less severe than north
-however there are some exceptions including areas with high population densities or counties in poverty
What are two main reasons for increased water consumption ?
-RISING POPULATION- hygiene, cooking and cleaning, water makes up at least 60% of persons body
-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT- people in wealthier countries have water delivered to their homes via pipes for dishwashers etc, agriculture, tourism, the water footprints of HICs are much higher than LIC
What’s a water footprint ?
-total volume of water consumed and polluted for the production of the goods and services used by the consumer
How does the Californian drought relate to water use ?
-irrigated crops use a lot of the freshwater supplies in the region
-rising temperatures and a growing population also contribute
-drought had lowered groundwater levels which causes problems including= ecosystem damage, wildfires, subsidence (fall in the level of the land) which damages properties
What are some things that affect water availability and what are the effects ?
-climate
-geology- some rocks are more permeable
-pollution- some is unsafe to use
-poverty- nearly 1 billion people in Africa do not have access to clean water
-politics
-lack of clean piped water- many girls in Africa spend hours walking to collect water instead of attending school
-waterborne disease- drinking dirty water causes diseases like malaria
-food production- places that do not have enough money to irrigate have less food to eat
-conflicts
What are some strategies to increase water supply ?
-DAMS AND RESERVOIRS- dams block rivers so that water builds up behind and this provides large supplies of drinking water all year round, also prevent flooding, also generate hydroelectric power, over 600 damns in Africa
-WATER TRANSFERS- when a country has surplus in one area and shortage in another supplies can be transferred, reservoirs collect and store water in areas of high rainfall, pipes transport the water to other areas in the country, in wales water is often transferred to parts f English
-DESALINATION PLANTS- it’s not possible to drink sea water containing salts and so they remove the salt water and make it safe to drink it. This could solve water shortages all over the world but its too expensive
What’s the kindler reservoir ?
-in Northumberland and is an example of a water transfer scheme
-kindler is located in a highland area and so it receives lots of rain, this water is transported southwards and releases in cities like Newcastle and Durham
What are the advantages to the kielder reservoir ?
-electricity generated through hydroelectric power- reliable and clean energy source
-reduced water insecurity in the north east
-tourism at kielder has creates jobs and generated income
What are the disadvantages to the kielder reservoir ?
-breeding patters of fish have been disrupted through the dam which blocks the river
-few pebbles travel downstream which impacts on habitats
-farmland and many habitats were lost when the land behind dam flooded
How does water conservation allow sustainable water use ?
-dual flush toilers require less water
-having water meters installed to measure amounts of water being used so they can be charged accordingly which encourages people to use less water
-fixing leaking pipes immediately
How does ground water management help with sustainable water use ?
-ground water is at risk from over abstraction (extracting too much water) and pollution
-ing the UK the government has designed protection zones, mapping the flow of groundwater supplies and soil and rock types
How does using grey water help with sustainable water use ?
-grey water is water that is not used (used previously or rainwater)
-using grey water is good for process that do not require clean water like flushing the toilet
-collecting rainwater to use to water gardens (rainwater harvesting is collecting this water)
What is an example of water management in LICs ?
-Tanzania is an LIC in Africa, 14 million people have no access to safe water, the lack of toilet facilities allows bacteria to enter water used for drinking which causes diarrhoea (kills over 7000 children per year in Tanzania)
-the Mtumba approach aims to build toilets for the villagers, charity water aid provide training for the locals on how to build their own toilers, decisions are made by the community, water aid also educates people about toilet hygiene like handwashing
What were the outcomes of the Mtumba project ?
-villagers become ill less often which means they can work- making clothes
-government support has helped people understand the need for toilets so theyre more likely to accept water aid offer
-around 42,000 people have benefitted
-the Mtumba approach is being used in other Tanzanian villages
