RURAL AND POPULATION Flashcards
Explain the physical/human causes of land degradation (6marks)
OOODRV
OVERGRAZING- less land more livestock. Damages soil due to trampling and removes natural vegetation
OVERPOPULATION- more people less land but still farmed as intensively: farmers forced onto marginal land
OVERCROPPING: less land more crops grown. Monoculture removes natural nutrients from soil
Irrigation causes salinisation
DEFORESTATION: removal of trees for wood and fuel. Less protection for soil and causes soil to blow away
REMOVAL OF NATURAL VEGETATION: less protection from the soil and more susceptible to erosion
VARIABLE CLIMATE: high rainfall/ severed drought = erosion
Explain the environmental impact of land degradation
DEFORESTATION: soil exposed = erosion
WIND EROSION = removes dried up soil
MONOCULTURE = soil breaks up and looses nutrients
WATERTABLE = reduced
Explain the solutions and the effectiveness of them to combat land degradation (6 marks)
PSTCMF
PLANT MORE TRESS: ✅binds soil together and prevents erosion. Acts as a windbreak.
❗️very expensive
STONE LINES: stones planted on contours of sloping land.
✅Traps water. Improved crop yield on Mali 50%
TERRACES: artificial steps in hillside
✅prevents land from washing away and traps water
CONTOUR PLOUGHING: crops planted around hillside instead of up and down
✅ has reduced soil erosion by 50%
MULCHING: waste used from crops. Increases soil fertility
FALLOW PERIOD: 2/3 years for ground period
❗️expensive fencing and management of grazing =difficult = tribal differences
Explain the advantages and disadvantages for the migration on a donor country
ADVANTAGES
1) relieves pressure on health services and schools
2) more employment level 7.9%
3) money brought back home
4) influence of the U.K. Pound increases wealth
5) mostly men emigrate and so this reduces birth rates
DISADVANTAGES
1) lack of skilled workers in country
2) family tensions created = more domestic abuse likely
3) dependant On elderly to work
4) reduced military capability
Explain the advantages and disadvantages for immigration to a receiving country
ADVANTAGES
1) workers likely to do jobs people in uk won’t
2) normally work anti-social hours and low pay
3) fill the short term unemployment gap
4) enrich the culture of uk
5) increased taxes so more government spending
DISADVANTAGES
1) more pressure on NHS and increased housing shortage
2) schools have to deal with language barrier
3) can create ethnic tensions in communities (stealing jobs)
4) migrants can be exploited by employers
5) increased racism and discrimination in communities
By referring to named examples, how can countries control their population, comment on the effectiveness of these schemes.
SOUTH KOREA
- government tax incentives for smaller families
CHINA - one policy rule (Reduction in birth rate, however gender imbalanced population and cost to human rights) INDONESIA - free contraception
Ghana
- increased education for women
Gambia
- TV adverts encourage young women to space out births
Mothers health improves
Fewer babies born
Discuss the reasons for the high birth and death rate in developing countries
HIGH BIRTH RATE
- lack of family planning and contraception
- tribal and religious reasons
- lack of sex education
- farming families need more people to carry out work
- high infant mortality
HIGH DEATH RATE
- lack of vaccinations throughout childhood
- lack of investment in health care
- spread of deadly illnesses ( HIV AIDS, MALARIA)
- malnutrition
- lack of clean water
Explain the reasons why the birth rate has decreased in developed countries
1) freely available contraception, family planning and education = people make more informed decisions
2) later marriages = fewer children
3) increased medical advances = more children survive at birth
4) women want careers = naturally have less children
5) expensive and financial burden of children
6) increased education for girls mean they stay in school longer, marry later and usually have fewer children .
7) sex eduction in school means population is informed on unwanted pregnancies
Explain the social and economic impacts on an ageing country.
ECONOMIC
1) few industries likely to invest in low economic class so gov has less money and increased unemployment
2) elderly want decent pensions and this requires more money
SOCIAL
1) strain on housing = lack of affordable housing for families
2) strain on NHS = young people have long waiting times
3) elderly work longer as they are fitter and live longer
4) strain on social services = less money for youth and this can create tensions
5) increased taxes for economically active class = less purchasing power
Explain the ways the UK gathers data
Mini census
1) England and Wales = keeps records up to date
2) UK boarder agency
- helps keep track of emigration and migration.
- keeps where a bouts of citizens
3) BIRTH, MARRIAGE, DEATH RECORDS
- records keep track of population and help predict the expected population
4) SCHOOL RECORDS
- show where children live
Explain the problems of collecting population data
1) large numbers of Tuareg may be missed out or counted twice = unreliable results
2) homeless people ( Brazil and shanty Towns) = no registered address so are not counted
3) variety of languages ( over 500 in Nigeria ) = difficult To print and process this many census
4) printing costs = very expensive and may compromise health care like Uganda
5) inaccessibility ( Amazon rainforest) = difficult terrain and schools have to deal with terrain and so difficult to access
6) illiteracy rates (India) =’mistakes made and this is unreliable
7) war (Afghanistan) = too dangerous. War is likely to change population structure very quickly and all the time. Out of date very quickly
8) suspicion (China) = may give false answers
Explain the consequences of land degradation.
6marks
PICCMND
POLITICAL UNREST: between ethnic groups and government
INTERNATIONAL AID: relied on by countries
CROP FAILURE: leads to malnutrition (eg Sudan)
CONFLICT: between other countries
MIGRATION: from countryside to city
NOMADIC: ethnic tribes experience tensions as they lack water and space for grazing
DISEASES/ILLNESSES: may become endemic
Explain why it’s important to gather data about a population.
1) JOBS
- shows gov what jobs need to be fulfilled (eg, more doctors so increase training)
2) TRANSPORT
- shows the pressure needed to be released on transport systems
- gov can plan for new roads and more public transport
3) PLAN FOR BETTER HEALTH CARE AND PENSIONS
- if expected population known, the government can plan for rises in pensions and gives them time to prepare for this
