LITHOPSPHERE

Question 1

Describe the conflicts and solutions to problems in coastal landscapes (5marks)

Answer 1

DORSET COAST

1) naturists may not be welcomed by non naturists ➡️ locate them on different beaches
2) water sports generate noise for bird watches ➡️ introduce zoning so water sports located away from nature reserves and make 6knot limit
3) visitors dogs can dirty footpaths and beaches ➡️ ‘poop scoop’ schemes setup to reduce litter fouling on beach
4) industry -unsightly buildings may cause visual and noise pollution ➡️ use trees to stop sound and paint buildings
5) commercial shipping interferes with anglers and may be dangerous ➡️ have different zones and locate shipping route away from anglers spot.

Question 2

Describe the conflicts and the solutions to issues in glaciated upland areas. (6 marks)

Answer 2

TOURISTS VS FARMERS: problems

1) Walkers leave gates open and may loose livestock ➡️ farmers to display “keep gate closed” signs
2) Dogs chase sheep may upset pregnant sheep ➡️ park rangers are employed to prompted responsible tourism
3) increased litter ➡️ national park remove bins to encourage people to take litter home
4) footpath erosion - causes visual pollution in popular walking areas ➡️ national park offers to build stone built oaths to reduce footpath erosion and signs to direct walkers to stay on one path
5) traffic congestion at peak times prevents locals from doing their daily business ➡️ one way systems (Ambleside), pedestrianised areas (Keswick) and improved public transport have reduced the effect of traffic congestion
6) noise disturbs animals ➡️ visitor centre staff and schools try and educate people about the OUTDOOR ACCESS CODE and the importance of it

Question 3

Explain the formation of cliffs and wave cut platforms

Answer 3

Waves attack headlands and HT AND LT and cause most vulnerability at WAVE ATTACK ZONE

waves erode through HYDRAULIC ACTION and ABRASION = causes cliff to undercut forming WAVE CUT PLATFORM

WEATHERING AND CORROSION = causes landscape to weaken and becomes so unstable that cliff collapses

ATTRITION = causes material to be further broken down and is carried away by currents

Sea attacks AHEAD rather than down due to energy of waves = cliff retreats inland causing wave cut platform

Question 4

Explain the formation of headlands and bays

Answer 4

DEFINITION: headlands are outcrops of rocks which jut out into the coast while bays are indents in the coastline between two headlands.

1) Formed along coastline in bands of soft and hard rocks which form at 90 degrees to the coastline.
2) HYDRAULIC ACTION and ABRASION cause differential erosion = hard rocks eroded faster than soft rocks
3) WAVE REFRACTION=’focuses waves energy on exposed headlands which cause them to erode = retreat inland
4) ATTRITION = sediment accumulation in sheltered areas causes bays
5) overtime headlands and bays retreat inland.

Question 5

Explain the erosion of a headland.

Answer 5

1) HYDRAULIC ACTION = Cracks develop in headland
2) CORROSION = makes cracks bigger
3) ABRASION AND HYDRAULIC ACTION= wave cut notches
4) WAVE REFRACTION = cave formed and deepened (concentrated energy)
5) when 2 caves are aligned = caves cut through to form ARCH
6) continual erosion at arches bases causes arch to COLLAPSE to form a STACK
7) stack is eroded further by sub-aerial erosion and waves = STUMP

Question 6

EXPLAIN the formation of a spit, tombolo and a bar

Answer 6

LONG SHORE DRIFT
1) prevailing winds = waves 90 degrees to coastline. 
-SWASH 
-BACKWASH 
-ZIGZAG MOTION 
2) change in direction of coastline = long shore carries on and sediment accumulates on sea floor
SPIT
1) short term change in

Question 7

Explain the formation of a corrie

Answer 7

1) Snow gathers in north facing hollow and accumulates to be compacted into ice.
2) Ice moves downhill due to force of gravity and cream ease made and rock eroded on glacier bottom = ABRASION
3) PLUCKING= steepens back wall
4) Freeze thaw action attacks top = SCREE
5) lip not eroded as much due to the rotational movement of ice = MORAINE.
6) water can collect in hollow = corrie lochan

Question 8

Explain the formation of a pyramidal peak.

Answer 8

• Corrie explanation

- formed when 3 or more core is are eroded so far back to form arête where PYRAMIDAL PEAKS join together

Question 9

Explain the formation of an arête

Answer 9

• describe CORRIE formation

- a narrow knife edge ridge which is formed when 2 coffee is have eroded back to back.

Question 10

Explain the formation of a u-shaped valley

Answer 10

1) glacier flows down a previously existing v-shaped valley
2) ABRASION= deepens valley floor and smooths bedrock
3) Plucking steepens valley sides
4) FREEZE THAW = attacks from above and adds rock

AFTER

1) glacier truncates (cuts off) interlocking Spurs = causes steep sides
2) valley floor can be over deepened from weight of glacier = misfit stream or ribbon lake.

Question 11

Describe the formation of a Roche moutonnee

Answer 11

1) ice flows over an outcrop of rock
2) ABRASION = causes a smooth slope upstream
3) STRIATIONS= show direction of ice flow due to material at base gouging grooves
4) ABRASION AND PLUCKING = attacks downstream slope to leave outcrop of rock left with a steep and jagged side.

Question 12

Explain the formation of a crag and tail

Answer 12

1) can often be base on a VOLCANIC PLUG
2) During glaciation ice approaches steep outcrop of rock
3) ABRASION = ice erodes soft STROSS (upstream)
4) PLUCKING AND FREEZE THAW ACTION
5) SPLIT OF ICE = moves around crag and joins behind
6) LEE = rock immediately behind crag is not eroded and leaves higher till

Question 13

EXPLAIN THE FORMATION OF A HANGING VALLEY

Answer 13

1) Describe u-shape valley formation
2) main u-shaped valley is deeper so eroded more than higher up
3) tributary glacier hangs above main valley
4) can be marked by water full after glaciation

Question 14

Explain the formation of a truncated spur

Answer 14

1) high land but steep at bottom
2) before glaciation v-shaped valleys have interlocking Spurs
3) when glacier advances the valley chops off Spurs as glaciers cannot easily bend= FORMS TRUNCATED SPURS.

Question 15

Describe how terminal moraine is formed

Answer 15

1) Definition- unsorted and loose rock which has been deployed by a glacier
2) glacier pushes loose material in front of it
3) when glacier melts a ridge is left which stretches across valley floor
4) terminal moraine marks the furthest extent of which glacier has reached.
5) usually an out wash Plain which forms the other side of it.
6) sometimes terminal moraine acts as dam to create a moraine dammed lake.

Question 16

Explain the formation of an erratic

Answer 16

1) stones picked up and carried by glaciers to be deposited some distance from their original site
2) rock types are usually different from what they land on (I.e Scottish granite found in Northern Ireland)

Question 17

EXPLAIN THE FORMATION OF A DRUMLIN

Answer 17

Definition: small shape mounds made of till in tear shape. And show the direction of ice flow. Lakes can form between 2.

Theory 1: material carried by ice will clump together and sinks towards sole of glacier and sticks to ground. I
It moulded by flowing ice.

Theory 2: creates terminal moraine when glacier advances over the top of it. Pressure of the ice moulds into streamline shapes

Theory 3: created by moraine which were shaped by meltwater floods when glacier melts.

Question 18

Describe the formation of an esker

Answer 18

1) long ridges and point parallel to ice flow
2) melt water streams form and flow in a tunnel under melting ice sheets
3) Fluvio-glacial deposits are transported and deposited= build up of sediment
4) Ice melts leaving long range of deposits

Question 19

Explain the formation of a kettle hole

Answer 19

1) glacier breaks apart and dead ice transported further down valley
2) sand and gravel from meltwater bury glacier
3) ice melts= depression due to collapsing of gravel
4) kettle loch

Question 20

Explain the formation of a ribbon lake

Answer 20

1) ribbon lakes can be found in a glacial trough
2) explain the formation of a u shaped valley
3) glacier Moves over alternating bands of hard and soft rock
4) abrasion attacks the base of the glacier and erodes the soft rock= creates a basin as a hollow is made
5) on either side of a rock basin, more resident rock is eroded less and this leaves outcrops of harder rock = Rock bars
6) rock bars act as dams and rain water accumulates after glacier has melted.