Running notes 33-52

Question 1

COUNTERARGUMENT

Answer 1

an argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory
developed in another argument. When writing in the argumentative mode, it is MANDATORY that
the writer acknowledges the “other” side to his or her argument. It is part of the refutation of
someone else’s claim to support your own “side” of the argument that you are making.

Question 2

CLAIM

Answer 2

If somebody gives an argument to support his/her position, it is called making a claim.
Different reasons are usually presented to prove why a certain point should be accepted as logical. A general model is given below to explain the steps following in making a claim:

Question 3

. EVIDENCE

Answer 3

Evidence is a type of literary device that appears in different categories of essays and theses
in the form of paraphrase and quotations. It is presented to persuade the readers and used with powerful
arguments in the texts or essays. In rhetoric, when a person makes a claim or presents an argument, he
needs to present evidence in support of his claim and argument in order to establish the veracity and
authenticity of his claim or argument. If there is no evidence, the claim stands quashed. The same is true
with a case in law where a case or litigation is quashed, if there is no evidence to support the claim.
However, literary evidence is only used in literature, essays and research papers for persuasion and
convincing purposes.

Question 4

WARRANT

Answer 4

A warrant is the glue that holds an argument together. It links the evidence to the claim.
It says something like “This evidence supports the claim because…” and it is always in a similar form that
is more of a statement of support of “WHY” your evidence supports your assertion/claim.

Question 5

FALLACY

Answer 5

A fallacy is an erroneous argument dependent upon an unsound or illogical contention.
There are many fallacy examples that we can find in everyday conversations.

Question 6

LOGICAL FALLACY

Answer 6

: In argumentation, a formal fallacy (also called deductive fallacy) is a pattern of
reasoning/thinking rendered invalid by a flaw in its logical structure that can neatly be expressed
in a standard logic system, for example propositional logic. An argument that is
formally fallacious is always considered wrong.

Question 7

PROPHECY

Answer 7

Many believe that a prediction and a prophecy are the same, but they are mistaken. It is
true that both “forecast” the future, but there is a significant difference. A prophesy has all the
elements of a prediction except the element of time. Without the element of time, a prophecy is
hard to determine. A “prophecy” has more of a religious connotation since there is an element of
uncertainty about time.

Question 8

PREDICTION

Answer 8

A prediction is a forecast made by those who calculate the parameters of the subject
involved after evaluating the odds they can predict the future. The weather forecast is a good
example. A “prediction” is limited to a time element, unlike a prophesy.

Question 9

ADAGE

Answer 9

: An adage is a short, pointed and memorable saying based on facts, and is considered a
veritable truth by the majority of people. Famous adages become popular due to their usage over
a long period of time. In fact, an adage expresses a general fact or truth about life. As it becomes
popular, it is then accepted as a universal truth. For instance, “God helps those who help
themselves” is now considered a universal truth because of its usage throughout the human
history. Often repeated sayings and quotes become adages that pass on to many generations

Question 10

PEDANTIC:

Answer 10

Pedantic comes from a French word, pedant, means “to teach or to act as pedagogue.” A
pedantic is someone who is concerned with precision, formalism, accuracy, minute details in
order to make an arrogant and ostentatious show of learning. He could be a writer, a character,
feelings, tone or words. Sigmund Freud defines pedantic as, “The pedant is he who finds it
impossible to read criticism of himself without immediately reaching for his pen and replying to
the effect that the accusation is a gross insult to his person.”A pedant often corrects small
mistakes that are not very important in grand matters and, therefore, may annoy others around
him

Question 11

FLIPPANT

Answer 11

lacking proper respect or seriousness. This is often associated with the
impatience of youth.

Question 12

EVOCATIVE

Answer 12

the use of language that “suggests” meanings other than the denotative. Language that
connects with emotions or feelings not associated with the actual meaning of a word.

Question 13

SYNTACTICAL INVERSION

Answer 13

inversion, also called anastrophe, in literary style and rhetoric,
the syntactic reversal of the normal order of the words and phrases in a sentence, as, in English,
the placing of an adjective after the noun it modifies (“the form divine”), a verb before its subject
(“Came the dawn”)

Question 14

APPOSITION

Answer 14

is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed
side by side, with one element serving to identify the other in a different way. The two elements
are said to be in apposition

Question 15

DIDACTIC

Answer 15

The word didactic is frequently used for those literary texts which are overloaded with
informative or realistic matter and are marked by the omission of graceful and pleasing details.
Didactic, therefore, becomes a derogatory term referring to the forms of literature that are
ostentatiously dull and erudite. However, some literary texts are entertaining as well as didactic.

Question 16

CONCEIT

Answer 16

Conceit is a figure of speech in which two vastly different objects are likened together with
the help of similes or metaphors. Thus, conceit examples have a surprising or shocking effect on
the readers because they are novel comparisons unlike the conventional comparisons made in
similes and metaphors.

Question 17

PERIODIC SENTENCE

Answer 17

A periodic sentence has the main clause or predicate at the end. This is used for
emphasis and can be persuasive by putting reasons for something at the beginning before the
final point is made. It can also create suspense or interest for the reader. Here are some examples
for reference. Consider what the strength of this type of sentence might be.

Question 18

PARADOX:

Answer 18

It is a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or silly but may include a latent truth.
It is also used to illustrate an opinion or statement contrary to accepted traditional ideas. A
paradox is often used to make a reader think over an idea in innovative way.

Question 19

IRONY

Answer 19

Irony is a figure of speech in which words are used in such a way that their intended meaning
is different from the actual meaning of the words. It may also be a situation that may end up in
quite a different way than what is generally anticipated. In simple words, it is a difference between
the appearance and the reality.

Question 20

PARENTHESIS

Answer 20

: Parenthesis is a stylistic device that comes from a Greek word, meaning to
place or alongside. Parenthesis is a qualifying or explanatory sentence, clause or word that writers
insert into a paragraph or passage. However, if they leave it out, even then grammatically it does
not affect the text that is correct without it. Writers mark them off by round and square brackets
or by commas, dashes, little lines and brackets. As far as its purpose is concerned, this verbal unit
provides extra information, interrupts syntactic flow of words, and allows the readers to pay
attention on explanation. However, the overuse of parenthesis may make sentences look
ambiguous and poorly structured.

Question 21

SARDONIC

Answer 21

grimly mocking, sarcastic, satirical, mocking in a humorous manner. This is one of those
“TONE” words that describe writing that fits the meaning

Question 22

SATIRE

Answer 22

Satire is a technique employed by writers to expose and criticize foolishness and corruption
of an individual or a society by using humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule. It intends to improve
humanity by criticizing its follies and foibles. A writer in a satire uses fictional characters, which
stand for real people, to expose and condemn their corruption.

Question 23

POLEMICAL

Answer 23

: relating to or involving strongly critical, controversial, or disputatious writing or speech.
“a polemical essay” could be any of the following (synonyms)
critical, hostile, bitter, polemic, virulent, vitriolic, venomous, caustic, trenchant, cutting, acerbic, sardoni
c, sarcastic, scathing, sharp, incisive, devastating

Question 24

AMBIGUITY

Answer 24

: Ambiguity or fallacy of ambiguity is a word, phrase, or statement which contains more
than one meaning. Skilled writers use ambiguity with purpose and intent. HOWEVER…most
students who are just learning about language use it without thought and it detracts from their
writing

Question 25

ARCHETYPE

Answer 25

An archetype, also known as universal symbol, may be a character, a theme, a symbol or
even a setting. Many literary critics are of the opinion that archetypes, which have a common and
recurring representation in a particular human culture or entire human race, shape the structure and
function of a literary work.