Running

Question 1

Running VS Walking

Answer 1

• Requires more ROM
• Requires more force production
• increased velocity
• increased Ground Reaction Force
• decr BOS

Question 2

Running vs walking initial contact point

Answer 2

• IC point changes with speed

- hind foot to forefoot contact (sprinting)

Question 3

Running Gait Cycle

Answer 3

• IC: initial contact
• TO: toe off
• StR: stance phase reversal
• SwR: swing phase reversal

Question 4

Stance phase reversal StR

Answer 4

• time during stance phase when muscles stop decelerating and start to generate power

Question 5

Swing phase reversal SwR

Answer 5

• time during swing phase when muscles stop accelerating the motion and start to decelerate the forward momentum of lower limbs

Question 6

characteristics of economical runners

Answer 6

• shorter stride, faster cadence (180/miin)
• maintain the knee joint in flexion throughout the entire running cycle
• ball-heel-ball-toe action of teh foot
• lower and mor erelaxed arm swing
• high kick up in the back providing it is natural relaxed movement
• foot lands under COM
• decr vertical discplacement of COM

Question 7

Cadence

Answer 7

• Research supports a cadence of 180-190 strides per minutes
• Lower is less efficient,more time spent in the air
• lower cadence produces higher vertical displacement leading to increased force during initial contact

Question 8

Cadence running at 10 % preferred rate

Answer 8

• at 10% preferred rates - peak hip adduction angle, and peak hip AD and IR moments decreased

Question 9

Cadence running at 90, 100, 110% of preferred rate

Answer 9

• at 110% decreased patellar tendon and patellofemoral joint forces

Question 10

Swing phase- knee flexion

Answer 10

• following toe-off, contraction of the hamstrings brings the foot closer to the buttock
• Physics tells us that it requires more energy to swing a limb with its weight closer to its end than if it were closer to the joint

Question 11

Arm swing

Answer 11

• arms extended between 90 and 110 degrees
• movement coming from the shoulders
• efficient arm swing allows teh core to stabilize frontal plane movement rather than transverse plane movement
• watch for arms crossing teh midline or asymetric arm swing

Question 12

Forward lean

Answer 12

• from foot shoulders,not at trunk

Question 13

back vs front end running

Answer 13

• without hip extension, DF and hallux extension stride can only get longer out front
• only 2 factors can make someone run faster- stride length and stride rate

Question 14

landing under COM

Answer 14

• forward lean, incr cadence, and incr hip extension are all factors which aide in landing with foot under one’s center of mass

Question 15

mechanics and kinematics of rearfoot Running

Answer 15

• heel strike during initial contacts (like walking)
• impact transient equal to nearly 3x the individual’s body weight
• due to heel strike, most of the vertical momentum is absorbed by the vertical component of the collision force. this effectively stops a runner’s momentum with each stride

Question 16

Mechanics and kinematics of forefoot running

Answer 16

• characterizzed bby landing on the lateral side of the forefoot. more similar to sprinting than walking
• nearly absent impact transient: 7 x lower than rearfooot strikers at IC
• much of the vertical momentum is converted into rotational momentum

Question 17

Loading Rate

Answer 17

• avg time derivative of vertical ground reaction force between the beginning of foot-ground impact and the time to impact force peak

Question 18

Barefoot/ 5 finger shoes

Answer 18

• increased cadence, decreased contact time with ground, landed in increase PF.
• 54% incr in teh hip IR torque and 36 % incr in knee flexion torque and a 38% incr in knee varus torque were measured when running in running shoes compared with barefoot

Question 19

cautious with minimalist footwear

Answer 19

• change in muscle use may require a long break in period

- some people may be very inefficient and need help from their shoes for shock absoprtion

Question 20

Running analysis in clinic look at….

Answer 20

• foot strike pattern (rear,mid, forefoot)
• foot inclination angle at IC
• tibial angle at loading response
• knee flexion during stance
• hip extension during late stance
• trunk lean
• overstriding
• vertical displacement

Question 21

Anterior Knee pain

Answer 21

• extensor mechanism most common site of chronic running injuries

extensor mechanism eccentrically absorbs 42% of energy with ground contact
- knee extensor moment 5 times greater in running than walking in stance phase

• incr flexion demand puts greater stress to quad muscles, tendons and compressive force to PFJ cartilage

Question 22

IT band syndrome

Answer 22

• FRiction between IT band and lateral femoral condyle
• s/s of tenderness along distal IT band
• GFR medial to knee causing varus moment 2.5x greater in running
• IT band counters with a string valgus force while in 45 flexion during stance phase
• ## this knee position places IT band directly over the lateral femoral condyle

Question 23

EdUReP Model

unloading

Answer 23

• imporvement of tendon pathology requires period of rest
• unload the tendon/ tissue: modify or limit activities; change training regimen; brace, tape, orthoses; stretch or strengthen

Question 24

aqua jogging

Answer 24

• trained runners 5-6 days/wk for 6 weeks
• no significant differences were found for 5km run time
• submaximal oxygen consumption
• lactate threshold running velocity
• VO2 max

Question 25

EdUReP Model

reloading

Answer 25

• controlled reloading with gradual progressions (10% rule)
• eccentric loading is possible safe method to work with mild tendon Sx
• length of time can be 12 wks

Question 26

EdUReP Model

Prevention

Answer 26

• continuation of prior phases of loading
• empower to self-manage
• pain-free return to activities
• period follow up to ensure adherence